Dept of Nursing Studies

DEPT OF NURSING STUDIES

Researcher : Chan SSC

Project Title:	A randomised controlled trial of a nurse delivered staged-matched smoking cessation intervention to promote heart health of cardiac patients
Investigator(s):	Chan SSC, Lau CP, Lam TH
Department:	Nursing Studies
Source(s) of Funding:	Competitive Earmarked Research Grants (CERG)
Start Date:	09/2001

Abstract:

(a) To study the baseline of cardiac patients regarding: (1) current and previous smoking status, (2) quitting history, (3) knowledge and attitudes towards smoking, (4) willingness to quit, (5) motivation to quit, (6) stages of readiness to quit, (7) stress level, (8) self-efficacy, and (8) nicotine dependence; (b) to study the effectiveness of the staged matched intervention provided by nurses in motivating Chinese cardiac patients to : (1) quit smoking, (2) reduce the amount of cigarettes smoked, and (3) progress to a higher stagge of readiness in quitting; and (c) to analyse other predictive factors for the success of the outcomes.

Project Title:	A one year surveillance study of nurses' preventive measures and health status in relation to the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) epidemic in Hong Kong
Investigator(s):	Chan SSC, Tiwari AFY, Leung GM, Leung SSK, Lam TH, Salili F
Department:	Nursing Studies
Source(s) of Funding:	Small Project Funding
Start Date:	11/2003

Abstract:

To prevent the spread of the infectious agent from its reservoir to susceptible host, breaking the chain of infection.

Project Title:	A randomised controlled trial of a smoking hygiene intervention to reduce second hand smoking (SHS) exposure and improve respiratory health of infants: a pilot study
Investigator(s):	Chan SSC, Leung GM, Lam TH, Leung AYM
Department:	Nursing Studies
Source(s) of Funding:	Small Project Funding
Start Date:	11/2004

Abstract:

To study the baseline of (a) household SHS exposure of infants, (b) family smoking hygiene status, (c) health status of infants, and (d) smoking status and behaviour of the father; to determine the effectiveness of a nurse-delivered smoking hygiene intervention to (a) reduce household SHS exposure, (b) improve the smoking behaviour of the fathers, (c) reduce illness incidence, and (d) reduce health care utilisation; to examine factors associate with the adoption and maintenance of household smoking hygiene.

Project Title:	Implementing clinical problem based learning (PBL) in undergraduate nursing students: the assessment of needs, difficulties, and learning resources
Investigator(s):	Chan SSC, Tiwari AFY
Department:	Nursing Studies
Source(s) of Funding:	Leung Kau Kui Research and Teaching Endowment Fund - Teaching Grants
Start Date:	02/2005

Abstract:

To (1) enhance the clinical instructors' knowledge, skills and competency to implement clinical problem based learning (PBL); (2) evaluate the effectiveness of clinical PBL in promoting students' critical thinking and a deeper approach to learning; and (3) develop and evaluate a set of manuals and learning resources (website) to promote effective implementation of clinical PBL.

Project Title:	Cost-effectiveness analysis of a nurse delivered stage-matched smoking cessation intervention to promote heart health of cardiac patients
Investigator(s):	Chan SSC, Lam TH, Leung GM, Chong SY, Wong VCW
Department:	Nursing Studies
Source(s) of Funding:	Small Project Funding
Start Date:	03/2006

Abstract:

Smoking is the single most preventable cause of death in our society. In Hong Kong, about 6000 deaths in 1998 were attributable to smoking (1). Heart disease is one of the most common smoking related causes of death in high-income countries (2). Smoking is an addictive behavior and quitting is difficult and slow. According to Prochaska & Goldstein (1991)(3), the process of smoking cessation involves progression through five stages of change (Transtheoretial Model of Change): pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. Previous evidence indicated that stage-matched intervention seems to be promising (4-7), however, its effectiveness in Chinese cardiac patients is yet to be investigated. The Principal Investigator (PI) of this application was funded by the Research Grants Council (RGC) 2002-03, grant number #HKU7224/01M to undertake a project to train nurse smoking cessation counselors and to carry out a multi-site randomized controlled trial (RCT) of a nurse delivered stage-matched smoking cessation intervention to promote heart health of cardiac patients in 10 hospitals in Hong Kong (Appendix 1). The study aims to:1. study the baseline of cardiac patients regarding: (a) current and previous smoking status,, (b) quitting history, (c) knowledge and attitudes towards smoking, (d) willingness to quit, (e) motivation to quit, (f) stage of readiness to quit, (g) stress level, (h) self-efficacy, and (i) nicotine dependence; 2. study the effectiveness of the stage-matched intervention provided by nurses in motivating Chinese cardiac patients to: (a) quit smoking, (b) reduce the amount of cigarettes smoked, and (c) progress to a higher stage of readiness in quitting; 3. analyze the other predictive factors for the success of the outcomes.Preliminary results from the RCT showed that the 6-month quit rate among the intervention group was significantly higher than the control group (19.7% vs. 13.3%; p

<0.01) (Appendix 2). Interventions for smoking cessation are consistently among the most cost-effective interventions in heart disease (8). However, the reported cost-effectiveness ratios from other studies should be interpreted very carefully, because the transfer of results from economic studies between countries is difficult (9). Hence, the objectives of this project are: (a) to estimate the cost-effectiveness of a stage-matched intervention provided by nurses in helping Chinese cardiac patients to quit smoking; (b) to evaluate health service utilization among cardiac patients with different smoking cessation intervention offered. Reference:1. Lam TH, Ho SY, Hedley AJ, Mak KH, Peto R. (2001) Mortality and smoking in Hong Kong: case-control study of all adult deaths in 1998. British Medical Journal, 323, 1-6.2. World Bank (1999). Curbing the Epidemic: Governments and the Economic of Tobacco Control. Washington DC: The World Bank.3. Prochaska JO, & Goldstein MG. (1991). Process of smoking cessation. Implications for clinicians. Clinics in Chest Medicine, 12(4), 727-735.4. DiClemente CC, Prochaska JO, Fairhurst SK, Velicer WF, Velasquez MM & Rossi JS. (1991) The process of smoking cessation: An analysis of precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59(2), 295-304.5. Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC & Norross JC. (1992) In search of how people change: Application to addictive behaviours. American Psychologist, 47(9), 1102-1114.6. Miller MH, Smith PM, DeBusk RF, Sobel DS & Talyor CB. (1997) Smoking cessation in hospitalized patients. Results of a randomized trial. Arch Intern Med, 157(4), 409-15.7. Chan SSC. (1999) A randomized controlled trial of a health education intervention provided by nurses to mothers of sick children in Hong Kong. Unpublished PhD thesis, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.8. Kupersmith J, Holmes-Rovner M, Hogan A, Rovner D, Gardiner J. (1995) Cost-effectiveness analysis in heart disease, Part II: Preventive therapies. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 37(4), 243-271.9. Feenstra TL, Reenen HHH, Hoogenveen RT, Mölken MPMHR. (2005). Cost-effectiveness of face-to-face smoking cessation interventions: A dynamic modeling study. Value in Health, 8, 178-190.>

Project Title:	Promoting women's health: a gender specific smoking cessation program for female smokers in Hong Kong
Investigator(s):	Chan SSC, Lam TH, Wong EMY, Leung GM
Department:	Nursing Studies
Source(s) of Funding:	Health Care and Promotion Fund - Research Grant Projects
Start Date:	04/2006

Abstract:

To publicize quitting among female smokers, and provide gender-specific smoking cessation counselling to women who want to quit smoking

Project Title:	A randomized controlled trial on a low intensity smoking cessation intervention with feedback on secondhand smoke exposure among non-smoking spouse and children to the smoking father: a pilot study
Investigator(s):	Chan SSC, Lam TH, Mak YW, Leung YP
Department:	Nursing Studies
Source(s) of Funding:	Small Project Funding
Start Date:	03/2007

Abstract:

Key issues Smoking is the single most preventable cause of death in our society1, and secondhand smoke (SHS) is a serious health hazard and there are evidence that supports causal conclusions on range of acute and chronic adverse effects of SHS exposure in children and adults. In Hong Kong, and in many other countries, men make up the majority of smokers (86.8%)2, women and children are especially at risk for SHS related illness. In children, SHS exposure has been found to be the cause of low birth weight, lower respiratory tract illnesses, chronic respiratory symptoms, middle ear disease, and reduced lung function. Local studies also showed that there was a significant increase in the likelihood to have hospital admissions for infants who exposed to SHS3 and that about 9% of the total direct medical costs in the first year of life can be attributed to passive smoking4. Maternal smoking has been characterized as a major cause of sudden infant death syndrome5-6. In adults, SHS has been found to cause lung cancer and coronary heart disease, and possibly respiratory symptoms and illnesses, and reduced lung function5-7. The presence of young child and family (spouse) support are motivating factors that can influence the smoking outcome. Okah et al8,9 reported the presence of a child is a motivating factor for parental cessation and/or smoking restriction while most parents believed that smoking had affected their children’s health, thus were motivated and more ready to quit smoking10. Groner et al11 reported the effectiveness of a brief intervention related to child health on reducing parental smoke in the household, yet few studies have addressed direct smoking cessation interventions towards smoking fathers in the health care setting12. There is insufficient information regarding the range of SHS exposure in homes and the associated health risks for women and children. Self-reported data have by far been the most commonly used tools to assess the prevalence and intensity of SHS at home. However, such data has its limitations, and are sometimes not very informative as to the specific levels of exposure. For assessing SHS exposure in general, hair nicotine has become increasingly popular during the past decade since it is easier and cheaper to sample, store, and transport than urine, saliva, or serum13-15. Hair nicotine also characterizes exposure to SHS over a longer duration of time than cotinine analyses from blood, saliva, or urine. Objective information regarding the level of SHS exposure to women and children and the relative risks associated with that exposure can serve to strengthen interventions to protect women and children, and motivate the smoking father to quit. Aims and objectives of the study This study aims to (1) pilot a low intensity smoking cessation intervention with feedback on SHS exposure among non-smoking spouse and children to the smoking fathers; and to (2) assess exposures of women and children to SHS. Specifically, the objectives are: a) To examine the effect of a low intensity smoking cessation intervention with feedback on secondhand smoke exposure among non-smoking spouse and children for smoking fathers (i) on smoking cessation and (ii) on reducing daily cigarette consumption. b) To characterize levels of SHS in homes with smokers. c) To characterize the average level of nicotine in women and children exposed to SHS. d) To identify factors related to differences in levels of SHS exposure (presence of voluntary restrictions, attitudes and behaviors of smokers, attitudes and behaviors of non-smokers). e) To generate locally relevant and useful data in order to support more progressive smoke-free policies and programs aimed at reducing SHS exposure and educating smokers and non-smokers regarding the harmful effects of SHS exposure on women and children. f) To identify baseline levels for monitoring the impact of tobacco control policies and programs in Hong Kong on voluntary efforts to reduce SHS exposure in homes. g) To contribute data for the generation of a global profile of SHS exposure among women and children and estimate the associated risks to women and children worldwide. Outcomes The primary outcome is quit rate of the father at 6 month follow up. Secondary outcomes include the father’s smoking reduction, quit attempts, nicotine levels in women and children exposed to SHS as measured by nicotine monitors and hair samples. References: 1. Bank W. Curbing the Epidemic: Government and the Economics of Tobacco Control.: Washington, D.C.: 1999. 2. Social Surveys Section. Thematic Household Survey Report No. 16. Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong: 2003. 3. Leung GM, Ho LM, Lam TH. Secondhand Smoke Exposure, Smoking Hygiene, and Hospitalization in the First 18 Months of Life. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 2004; 158: 687-693. 4. Leung GM, Ho LM, Lam TH. The economic burden of environmental tobacco smoke in the first year of life. Archieves of Disease in Childhood, 2003; 88: 767-771. 5. Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health and HSMO. Report of the Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health. Office TS: 1998; 011322124x. 6. WHO. International Consultation on Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) and Child Health. Consultation Report: Geneva: World Health Organization; 1999. 7. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking: IARC monograph 83. Lyon, France: 2002. 8. Okah FA, Choi WS, Okuyemi KS, Ahluwalia JS. Effect of children on home smoking restriction by inner-city smokers. Pediatrics, 2002; 109(2): 244-9. 9. Okah FA, Choi WS, Okuyemi KS, McCarter KS, Harris KJ, Catley D, Kaur H, Ahluwalia JS. Predicting adoption of home smoking restriction by inner-city black smokers. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 2003; 157: 1202-5. 10. Emmons KM, Wong M, Hammond SK, Velicer WF, Fava JL, Monroe AD, JL E. Intervention and policy issues related to children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Preventive Medicine, 2001; 32(4): 321-31. 11. Groner JA, Ahijevych K, Grossman LK, Rich LN. The impact of a brief intervention on maternal smoking behavior. Pediatrics, 2000; 105: 267-71. 12. Roseby R, Waters E, Polnay A, Campbell R, Webster R, Spencer N. Family and carer smoking control programmes for reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews, 2003; 3: CD001746. 13. Eliopoulos C, Klein J, Phan MK, Knie B, Greenwald M, Chitayat D, Koren G. Hair concentrations of nicotine and cotinine in women and their newborn infants. JAMA, 1994; 273(8): 621-623. 14. Eliopoulos C, Klein J, Chitayat D, Greenwald M, Koren G. Nicotine and cotinine in maternal and neonatal hair as markers of gestational smoking. Clin Invest Med, 1996; 19(4): 231-242. 15. Pichini S, Altieri I, Pellegrini M, Pacifici R, Zuccaro P. The analysis of nicotine in infants' hair for measuring exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Forensic Sci Int, 1997; 84: 253-258.

List of Research Outputs

Chan S.S.C., A community-based outreach program to improve breast health awareness among women in Hong Kong, The 6th Biennial Meeting of the Asian Breast Cancer Society, Hong Kong. 20 September. 2007, 75.

Chan S.S.C. and Lam T.H., A randomised controlled trial of a health education intervention provided by nurses to mothers of sick children, Hong Kong Medical Journal. Hong Kong, 2007, 13(4): 25-27.

Chan S.S.C., Leung Y.P., Lau C.P., Wong V. and Lam T.H., A randomized controlled trial on a smoking cessation intervention among cardiac outpatients: Stage of readiness to quit smoking over time, 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Tobacco or Health. 19 October. 2007, PP07-01.

Chan S.S.C., Sarna L. and Danao L.L., Are nurses prepared to curb the tobacco epidemic in China? A questionnaire survey of schools of nursing, International Journal of Nursing Studies. Elsevier, 2008, 45: 706-713.

Chan S.S.C., Building a quality nursing workforce through quality education and research, 4th General Meeting, Association of Emergency Medicine, Hong Kong. 7 September. 2007.

Chan S.S.C., So K.W., Wong C.N. and Lam T.H., Building an integrated model of tobacco control education in the nursing curriculum: Findings of a students' survey, Journal of Nursing Education. 2008, 47(5): 223-226.

Chan S.S.C., Building science in smoking cessation research in Hong Kong, International Nursing Conference 2007, Beijing, China. Book of Abstract. 2007, 101.

Chan S.S.C., Chronic illness management - asthma and tobacco cessation - A nursing leaded approach for a better organized care, The 3rd Shanghai International Nursing Conference, Shanghai, China. 26 May. 2008.

Chan S.S.C., Leung Y.P., Jiang C.Q. and Lam T.H., Clinical practice in smoking cessation and its relationship with tobacco use knowledge and attitude: A comparison of nurses in Guangzhou and Hong Kong, 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Tobacco or Health. 18 Octobter. 2007, pp01-07.

Chan S.S.C., Tiwari A.F.Y., Leung Y.P., Wong E.M.Y. and Patil N.G., Clinical problem-based learning in undergraduate nursing curriculum: An evaluation of students' critical thinking : Sophia Chan, AFY Tiwari, Patil NG, D Leung, E.Wong, Best Oral Presentation Award, 5th Asia Pacific Medical Education Conference, Singapore, 26-27 January 2008 : Presenter : Professor Sophia Chan on behalf of the authors. National University of Singapore, 2008, 50.

Chan S.S.C., Wong E.M.Y., Yeung B.W.S., Leung Y.P., Leung G.M. and Lam T.H., Effectiveness of a gender-specific smoking cessation service for woman smokers in Hong Kong: Preliminary results, 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Tobacco or Health. 18 October. 2007, pp01-11.

Chan S.S.C., Jiang C.Q., Guo N., Ip W.Y. and Lam T.H., Establishing a smoking cessation clinic in Guangzhou, China: Preliinary results, 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Tobacco or Health. 18 October. 2007, PP01-13.

Chan S.S.C., Tiwari A.F.Y., Leung Y.P., Wong E.M.Y. and Wong A., Evaluating clinical problem-based learning (CPBL) in an undergraduate nursing curriculum: The teachers' perspective, 5th Asia Pacific Medical Education Conference, Singapore, 25-26 January . National University of Singapore, 2008, 200.

Chan S.S.C., Leung Y.P., Lau C.P., Wong V. and Lam T.H., Evaluating the effectiveness of a stage-specific smoking cessation intervention for cardiac outpatients: A randomized controlled trial, 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Tobacco or Health. 18 October. 2007, PP01-14.

Chan S.S.C., Wong C.N., Leung A.Y.M., Mak Y.W., Fong D.Y.T., Lam D.O.B. and Lam T.H., Implementation of Youth Quitline: An experience in Hong Kong, Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 14th Annual Meeting, February 27 to March 1, 2008, Portland, Oregon, USA. 2008, 123.

Chan S.S.C., So K.W., Wong C.N., Lee A.C.K. and Tiwari A.F.Y., Improving older adults' knowledge and practice of preventive measures through a telephone health education during the SARS epidemic in Hong Kong: A pilot study, International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2007, 44(7): 1120-1127.

Chan S.S.C., Leung D., Chui H., Tiwari A.F.Y., Wong E.M.Y., Wong C.N., Barnsteiner J.H. and Lau Y.L., Parental responses to child's isolation during the SARS outbreak, Ambulatory Pediatrics. 2007, 7(5): 401-404.

Chan S.S.C., Jiang C.Q., Guo N. and Lam T.H., Process evaluation of a smoking cessation clinic in Guangzhou, China: Challenge and opportunities, 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Tobacco or Health. 18 October. 2007, PP01-23.

Chan S.S.C., Wong E.M.Y., Yeung B.W.S., Leung Y.P., Leung G.M. and Lam T.H., Publicity strategies in promoting smoking cessation to woman smokers in the community: A Hong Kong experience, 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Tobacco or Health. 19 October. 2007, PP06-13.

Chan S.S.C., Leung Y.P., Lau C.P., Wong V. and Lam T.H., Relationship between previous quit attempts and psychology in quitting among Chinese smoking cardiac patients in Hong Kong, Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 14th Annual Meeting, February 27 to March 1, 2008, Portland, Oregon, USA. 2008, 6.

Chan S.S.C., Leung Y.P., Ip W.Y., Lau A.H.L., Wong C.N., Yeung B.W.S. and Lam T.H., Short term effect of the new anti-smoking legislation on smoking cessation related behaviours among smokers in Hong Kong: A cross sectional study, 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Tobacco or Health. 19 October. 2007, PP02-11.

Chan S.S.C., Fu C.Y., Leung Y.P., Leung G.M., Wong E.M.Y. and Lam T.H., The effectiveness of smoking cessation counseling training in changing the knowledge, attitudes and practice of staff and volunteers of community woman organisations in Hong Kong, Society for Reserach on Nicotine and Tobacco 14th Annual Meeting, February 27 to March 1, 2008, Portland, Oregon, USA. 2008, 6.

Chan S.S.C., Wong C.N. and Lam T.H., The short-term impact of the anti-smoking legislation in recruiting teenage smokers in Hong Kong, 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Tobacco or Health. 20 October. 2007, FP05-06.

Chan S.S.C., Guo N., Jiang C.Q., Fong D.Y.T. and Lam T.H., Tobacco control knowledge, attitudes and clinical practice of doctors and nurses in Guangzhou, China., 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Tobacco or Health , 19 October 2007.. 2007, PP07-22.

Chan S.S.C., Leung A.Y.M., Lam D.O.B., Mak Y.W., Fong D.Y.T., Wong C.N. and Lam T.H., Youth Quitline: An accessible telephone-based smoking cessation hotline for youth, Health Research Symposium 2007: Building bridges between research, practice and policy, Hong Kong. 29 September. 2007.

Fong D.Y.T., Chiang V.C.L., Lam K.F., Leung S.S.K., Lee C.F., Lau S.P. and Chan S.S.C., Improving Teaching and Learning of Medical Statistics by a Web-based Statistical Platform, CITE Research Symposium 2008 – Empowering Communities & Transforming Learning. 2008.

Lam S.F., Tiwari A.F.Y., Yuen F.K.H., Chan S.S.C., Fu C.Y. and Hui Choi W.H., Improving Student Performance During Problem-based Learning Tutorial Sessions, The International Nursing Conference . 2007.

Lam T.H., Chan S.S.C., Leung Y.P., Abdullah A.S.M., Wong V.T. and Hedley A.J., A randomised controlled trial of a smoking reduction intervention in promoting cessation among Chinese smokers with no intention to quit (abstract), Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 14th Annual Meeting, 27 February - 1 March 2008, Portland, Oregon. Portland, Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2008, 121.

Lam T.H., Chan S.S.C., Leung Y.P., Yeung B.W.S., Wong V.T. and Hedley A.J., Gender differences of smokers in a randomized controlled trial of a smoking reduction intervention, 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Toabcco or Health. 18 October. 2007, PP01-18.

Lam T.H., Chan S.S.C., Leung Y.P., Mak Y.W., Leung A.Y.M. and Chan K.K., General health promotion action and major health related lifestyle behaviors between current, former and never smokers among adults in Hong Kong (abstract), Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 14th Annual Meeting, 27 February - 1 March 2008, Portland, Oregon. Portland, Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2008, 17.

Lam T.H., Chan S.S.C., Abdullah A.S.M., Lo S.T., Yip W.C., Ho D.S.Y., Leung G.M. and Lai W.Y., Smoking and erectile dysfunction among Chinese smokers in Hong Kong: A preliminary analysis, 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Tobacco or Health. 18 October. 2007, PP01-25.

Leung Y.P., Chan S.S.C., Lau C.P., Wong V. and Lam T.H., Confirmatory factor analyses of three versions of the perceived stress scale (PSS) in Chinese smoking cardiac patients, 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Tobacco or Health. 18 October. 2007, pp01-08.

Leung Y.P., Chan S.S.C., Fong D.Y.T., Guo N. and Lam T.H., Relationship between prior training in tobacco control and knowledge, attitudes and clinical practice among health care professionals in Guangzhou, China, Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 14th Annual Meeting, February 27 to March 1, 2008, Portland, Oregon, USA. USA, 2008, 4.

Mak Y.W., Chan S.S.C., Lam T.H., Mak K.H. and Leung S., A Randomized Controlled Trial On Brief Telephone Counseling On Household Smoking Restriction And Smoking Cessation Among Parents With Young Children: A Pilot Study., 1 st Hong Kong Nursing Forum. 2007.

Mak Y.W., Chan S.S.C., Mak K.H., Leung S. and Lam T.H., A randomized controlled trial brief telephone counseling on household smoking restriction and smoking cessation among parents with young children: a pilot study. , Second Hong Kong Nursing Forum: 24 May 2008 . Hong Kong, 2008.

Mak Y.W., Chan S.S.C., Wong V., Kwok R., Dai D., Abdullah A.S.M. and Lam T.H., Gender specific predictors of smoking cessation in public hospital smoking cessation centres in Hong Kong, 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Tobacco or Health. 18 October. 2007, FP04-04.

Mak Y.W., Chan K.K., Chan S.S.C., Leung Y.P., Leung A.Y.M. and Lam T.H., General health promotion action and major health related lifestyle behaviors among current, former and never smoking adults in Hong Kong. , Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco (SRNT) 14th Annual Meeting. Feb 27–Mar 1, 2008 . Portland, OR, 2008.

Tiwari A.F.Y., Tarrant A.M., Yuen F.K.H., Chan S.S.C., Kagan S., Ching P., Wong A. and Wong S.S.Y., Best of Journal of Nursing Scholarship, World Health Category, Sigma Theta Tau International. 2007.

Wipfli H., Tang E.A., Acien A.N., Kim S., Onicescu G., Yuan J., Breysse P., Samet J.M., Chan S.S.C., Lam T.H., Mak Y.W. and FAMRI Home Study Investigators , Secondhand smoke exposure among women and children: evidence from 31 countries, American Journal of Public Health . 2008, 98(4).: 672 - 679.

Wong C.N., Chan S.S.C., Fong D.Y.T., Leung A.Y.M., Mak Y.W., Lam D.O.B. and Lam T.H., Stage transitions of smoking cessation among Chinese youth who called the Youth Quitline in Hong Kong, Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 14th Annual Meeting, February 27 to March 1, 2008, Portland, Oregon, USA. 2008, 121.

Wong C.N., Chan S.S.C., Fong D.Y.T., Ho D.S.Y. and Lam T.H., The moderating effect of past quit attempts to explain youths' intention to quit smoking, 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Tobacco or Health. 19 October. 2007, PP06-20.

Researcher : Chan YF

List of Research Outputs

Chan Y.F., Passetti L.L., Garner B.R., Lloyd J.J. and Dennis M.L., Gender differences in HIV risk behaviors among adolescents in substance abuse treatment., College on Problems of Drug Dependence . USA, 2008.

Chan Y.F., NIDA Women and Gender Young Investigator Travel Award (2008). College on Problems of Drug Dependence (CPDD) Annual Meeting., US National Institutes of Health(NIH) National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). 2008.

Chan Y.F., Dennis M.L. and Funk R., Prevalence and comorbidity of major internalizing and externalizing problems among adolescents and adults presenting to substance abuse treatment., Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. USA, 2008, 34: 14-24.

Chan Y.F., Passetti L.L., Garner B.R., Lloyd J.J. and Dennis M.L., Substance use, mental health comorbidity and HIV risk behaviors among adolescents in treatment., Joint Meeting on Adolescent Treatment Effectiveness. USA, 2008.

Crum R.M., Green K.M., Storr C.L., Chan Y.F., Ialongo N., Staurt E.A. and Anthony J.C., Depressed Mood among Youth Reporting Alcohol Use: Associations with Subsequent Alcohol Involvement from Childhood through Young Adulthood. , Archives of General Psychiatry. USA, American Medical Association, 2008, 65: 702-712.

Lloyd J.J., Dennis M.L., Ives M., Blanchette J. and Chan Y.F., Relationship between HIV risk behaviors and suicide risk among youth in substance abuse treatment. , College on Problems of Drug Dependence. USA, 2008.

Researcher : Chiang VCL

List of Research Outputs

Chiang V.C.L., Mak Y.W., Leung S.S.K., Chui C.Y.Y., Leung A.Y.M. and Lee A.C.K., Building capacity for life-long learning with freshmen students: Opportunities and the ongoing process, International Conference 2008: Healthy People for a Healthy World. 2008.

Chiang V.C.L., Chao M., Chang H., Hsu S., Yu C. and Kao S., Effects of exercise on body mass ondex, blood suger, blood pressure, and blood lipids in Type 2 DM patients, 運動介入對第二型糖尿病患者之身體質量指數、血糖、血壓，以及血脂肪之影響, The Hong Kong Nursing Journal. 2007, 43: 8-14.

Chiang V.C.L., Eye Care Nursing Practice of Unconscious / Sedated non-blinking Patients in ICU, 1st Hong Kong Nursing Forum. 2007.

Chiang V.C.L., Family care on ICU, In: Chief Editor: Dr Vico Chiang, HKACCN Newsletter. 2007, 8(3): 4.

Chiang V.C.L., Patriots and the Professionals, In: Chief Editor: Dr Vico Chiang, HKACCN Newsletter. 2007, 8: 1-2.

Chiang V.C.L., Primary Health Care and Critical Care Nurses, In: Chief Editor: Dr Vico Chiang, HKACCN Newsletter. 2008, 9: 3-4.

Chiang V.C.L., Report to WFCCN: Inauguration dinner of the HKACCN Ltd (April 2007), In: Chief Editor: Dr Vico Chiang, HKACCN Newsletter. 2007, 8: 1.

Chiang V.C.L., The road to critical care accreditation: What have other countries achieved?, HKACCN Annual General Meeting and Annual Dinner. 2008.

Chiang V.C.L., 創意加愛心‧開拓成功路, In: 黃金月,陳慧慈,羅錦注,黃月娥,鄭炳樞, 護理專業燃亮生命, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Society for Nursing Education, 2008, 29-37.

Fong D.Y.T., Chiang V.C.L., Lam K.F., Leung S.S.K., Lee C.F., Lau S.P. and Chan S.S.C., Improving Teaching and Learning of Medical Statistics by a Web-based Statistical Platform, CITE Research Symposium 2008 – Empowering Communities & Transforming Learning. 2008.

Researcher : Chui ML

List of Research Outputs

Chung O.K., Chui M.L., Li W.H.C. and Luk H.K., Resolution of Ethical Dilemmas in Clinical Practice Using the Twelve-step Approach to Ethical Work-up of Clinical Cases, 2007 Beijing International Nursing Conference. 2007.

Researcher : Chung OK

List of Research Outputs

Chung O.K., Chui M.L., Li W.H.C. and Luk H.K., Resolution of Ethical Dilemmas in Clinical Practice Using the Twelve-step Approach to Ethical Work-up of Clinical Cases, 2007 Beijing International Nursing Conference. 2007.

Chung O.K., The Impact Of Cancer On The Quality Of Life In Hong Kong Chinese Children Quality Of Life Conference , Asian Chinese Conference, Guangzhou, China ( 15-18 May 2008) . 2008.

Researcher : Fong DYT

Project Title:	Cost and clinical effectiveness of the Hong Kong scoliosis
Investigator(s):	Fong DYT, Cheung KMC, Luk KDK, Yip PSF
Department:	Nursing Studies
Source(s) of Funding:	Public Policy Research
Start Date:	04/2006

Abstract:

To estimate the cost of the scoliosis screening programme in Hong Kong; to examine the clinical effectiveness of the screening programme in terms of its efficacy and referral rates; to study the epidemiology of scoliosis in Hong Kong; to examine if a more discriminative screening program can be performed on the at risk age group a more selective group of children; to study the outcome of screened cases, the cost of subsequent follow up and treatment.

List of Research Outputs

Chan E.K.L., Brownridge D.A., Tiwari A.F.Y., Fong D.Y.T. and Leung W.C., Understanding violence against Chinese women in Hong Kong: An analysis of risk factors with a special emphasis on the role of in-law conflict, Violence Against Women. 2007, 2008 forthcoming.

Chan S.S.C., Wong C.N., Leung A.Y.M., Mak Y.W., Fong D.Y.T., Lam D.O.B. and Lam T.H., Implementation of Youth Quitline: An experience in Hong Kong, Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 14th Annual Meeting, February 27 to March 1, 2008, Portland, Oregon, USA. 2008, 123.

Chan S.S.C., Guo N., Jiang C.Q., Fong D.Y.T. and Lam T.H., Tobacco control knowledge, attitudes and clinical practice of doctors and nurses in Guangzhou, China., 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Tobacco or Health , 19 October 2007.. 2007, PP07-22.

Chan S.S.C., Leung A.Y.M., Lam D.O.B., Mak Y.W., Fong D.Y.T., Wong C.N. and Lam T.H., Youth Quitline: An accessible telephone-based smoking cessation hotline for youth, Health Research Symposium 2007: Building bridges between research, practice and policy, Hong Kong. 29 September. 2007.

Cheung S.T., Fan S.T., Lee Y.T., Chow J.P.H., Ng I.O.L., Fong D.Y.T. and Lo C.M., Albumin mRNA in plasma predicts post-transplant recurrence of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, Transplantation. 2008, 85(1): 81-87.

Chui H.W., Lee A.M., Lau S.M.S.M., Fong D.Y.T., Lee P.W.H., Stewart S.M. and Lam T.H., Family factors, depression and high-risk behaviours among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong, Paper presented at the World Psychiatric Association International Congress 2007, Nov 28 - Dec 1, 2007, Melbourne, Australia. 2007.

Chui H.W., Lee A.M., Fong D.Y.T., Lee P.W.H., Stewart S.M. and Lam T.H., Moderating effects of family factors on the relationship between traditionality-modernity and high-risk behaviours, Paper presented at the 12th Postgraduate Symposium, Dec 14, 2007, Hong Kong. 2007.

Chui H.W., Lee A.M., Fong D.Y.T., Stewart S.M., Lee P.W.H. and Lam T.H., The impact of traditionality and individualism on problem behaviors among Hong Kong adolescents, World Mental Health Conference. 2007.

Fong D.Y.T., Lau A.C. and Ip M.S.M., Substantial differences in percentage of predicted FEV, Chest. 2008, 133: 1289.

Fong D.Y.T., Ho D.S.Y., Mak K.K., Lo W.S., Lai Y.K., Lam T.H. and Lam C.L.K., Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the SF-12 Health Survey in Chinese Adolescents, Asian Chinese Quality of Life Conference. 2008.

Fong D.Y.T., Ho D.S.Y., Mak K.K., Lo W.S., Lai Y.K. and Lam T.H., Evaluation Of Internal Consistency In The Presence Of Inconsistent Responses, Asian Chinese Quality of Life Conference. 2008.

Fong D.Y.T., Chiang V.C.L., Lam K.F., Leung S.S.K., Lee C.F., Lau S.P. and Chan S.S.C., Improving Teaching and Learning of Medical Statistics by a Web-based Statistical Platform, CITE Research Symposium 2008 – Empowering Communities & Transforming Learning. 2008.

Fung J.Y.Y., Lai C.L., Fong D.Y.T., Yuen J.C.H., Wong D.K.H. and Yuen R.M.F., Correlation of liver biochemistry with liver stiffness in chronic hepatitis B and development of a predictive model for liver fibrosis, Liver International. 2008.

Fung J.Y.Y., Lai C.L., Fong D.Y.T., Yuen J.C.H., Wong D.K.H. and Yuen R.M.F., Predictive model for fibrosis and cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis B using liver stiffness measurement, Hepatology. 2007, 6(4):Suppl 1:: 651A.

HUI L.F., Fong D.Y.T., YAM H.F. and Ip W.Y., Translation And Validation Of The Chinese Diabetic Foot Ulcer Scale- Short Form, Patient. 2008, 1(2): 137-145.

Hui L.F., Fong D.Y.T., Yam M. and Ip W.Y., Psychometric Evaluation of the Chinese Diabetic Foot Ulcer Scale - Short Form, Asian Chinese Quality of Life Conference. 2008.

Lam C.L.K., Lee P.W.H., Fong D.Y.T. and Lam T.P., A randomised controlled trial on the effectiveness of screening and brief problem-solving counselling for elderly patients with undiagnosed psychological problems in primary care., Hong Kong Medical Journal. HK Academy of Medicine Press, 2008, 14: 31-35.

Lam C.L.K., Lee P.W.H., Fong D.Y.T. and Lam C.L.K., “Screening and Brief Problem-solving Counselling had Short-term Benefit for Elderly Patients with Undiagnosed Psychological Problems in Primary Care”. , Vancourver, Canada , 35th NAPCRG Annual Meeting, October 20-23, 2007.

Lam T.P., Lam C.L.K., Lai C.L., Yuen R.M.F., Fong D.Y.T., Leung G.M. and McGhee S.M., Health-related Quality of Life of Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Infection. Oral, 2008 Asian Chinese Quality of Life Conference. Guangzhou, China, 2008.

Lam T.P., Lam C.L.K., Leung G.M., McGhee S.M., Lai C.L., Yuen R.M.F. and Fong D.Y.T., Validity and psychometrics of the Chinese (Hong Kong) version of the chronic liver disease questionnaire. Poster, 2007 International Society for Quality of Life Research Annual meeting. Toronto, Canada, 2007.

Lam T.P., Lam C.L.K., Leung G.M., McGhee S.M., Lai C.L., Yuen R.M.F. and Fong D.Y.T., Validity and psychometrics of the Chinese (Hong Kong) version of the chronic liver disease questionnaire, Quality of Life Research. 2007, A-48, Abstract #1472.

Lee A.H.K., Fong D.Y.T. and Chan Y.M., Psychometric Evaluation of the Hong Kong Chinese Version of Functional Living Index - Cancer in Hong Kong, Asian Chinese Quality of Life Conference. 2008.

Lee A.M., Lam S.K., Lau S.M.S.M., Chui H.W., Fong D.Y.T., Kwan C.W., Chong C.S.Y. and Tang L.C.H., Prevalence, course and risk factors of disordered eating during pregnancy and in the postpartum period, Paper presented at the World Psychiatric Association International Congress 2007, Nov 28 - Dec 1, 2007, Melbourne, Australia. 2007.

Lee A.M., Lam S.K., Lau S.M.S.M., Chong C.S.Y., Chui H.W. and Fong D.Y.T., Prevalence, course, and risk factors of antenatal anxiety and depression, Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2007, 110 (5): 1102-1112.

Leung S.K., Yew W.W., Wong P.C., Fong D.Y.T., Lau A.C. and Ip M.S.M., Lung function testing prediction equations: do they fit all?, Chest. 2008, 133: 1288-1289.

Leung Y.P., Chan S.S.C., Fong D.Y.T., Guo N. and Lam T.H., Relationship between prior training in tobacco control and knowledge, attitudes and clinical practice among health care professionals in Guangzhou, China, Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 14th Annual Meeting, February 27 to March 1, 2008, Portland, Oregon, USA. USA, 2008, 4.

Tiwari A.F.Y., Yuk H., Pang P., Fong D.Y.T., Yuen F.K.H., Humphreys J. and Bullock L., A RCT to test the effectiveness of a telephone intervention to improve the mental health of community dwelling women abused by their intimate partner, Health Research Symposium 2007. Hong Kong.

Tiwari A.F.Y., Fong D.Y.T., Chan E.K.L., Leung W.C., Parker B. and Ho P.C., Identifying intimate partner violence: Comparing the Chinese Abuse Assessment Screen with the Chinese Revised Conflict Tactics Scales, The 12th International Conference on Violence Abuse and Trauma. San Diego, USA, 2007.

Tiwari A.F.Y., Fong D.Y.T., Chan E.K.L., Leung W.C., Parker B. and Ho P.C., Identifying intimate partner violence: comparing the Chinese abuse assessment screen with the Chinese revised conflict tactics scales, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. England, 2007, 114: 1065-1071.

Tiwari A.F.Y., Wong J.Y.H., Fong D.Y.T., Chan E.K.L., Leung W.C., Brownridge D.A. and Ho P.C., Intimate partner violence in obstetric/gynecology patients: a Chinese perspective, Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2008, 3(3): 317-330.

Tiwari A.F.Y., Chan E.K.L., Fong D.Y.T., Brownridge D.A., Lam H., Wong B., Lam C.M., Chan F., Chan A., Cheung K.B. and Ho P.C., The impact of psychological abuse by an intimate partner on the mental health of pregnant women, BJOG. Blackwell, 2008, 115: 377-384.

Wong C.N., Chan S.S.C., Fong D.Y.T., Leung A.Y.M., Mak Y.W., Lam D.O.B. and Lam T.H., Stage transitions of smoking cessation among Chinese youth who called the Youth Quitline in Hong Kong, Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 14th Annual Meeting, February 27 to March 1, 2008, Portland, Oregon, USA. 2008, 121.

Wong C.N., Chan S.S.C., Fong D.Y.T., Ho D.S.Y. and Lam T.H., The moderating effect of past quit attempts to explain youths' intention to quit smoking, 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Tobacco or Health. 19 October. 2007, PP06-20.

Wong W., Lam C.L.K. and Fong D.Y.T., A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Chinese Herbal Medicine in the Treatment of Acute Upper Respiratory Infections, 3^rd International Congress on Complementary Medicine Research. Sydney, Australia, 2008.

Yuen R.M.F., Fong D.Y.T., Wong D.K.H., Yuen J.C.H., Fung J.Y.Y. and Lai C.L., Hepatitis B virus DNA levels at week 4 of lamivudine treatment predict the 5-year ideal response, Hepatology. 2007, 46: 1695-1703.

Yuen R.M.F., Tanaka Y., Fong D.Y.T., Fung J.Y.Y., Wong D.K.H., Yuen J.C.H., But D., Chan A.O.O., Wong B.C.Y., Mizokami M. and Lai C.L., Independent risk factors and predictive score for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B, Journal of hepatology : the journal of the European Association for the Study of the Liver. 2008, 48 (Suppl 2): S252.

Yuen R.M.F., Tanaka Y., Shinkai N., Poon R.T.P., But D.Y.K., Fong D.Y.T., Fung J.Y.Y., Wong D.K.H., Yuen J.C.H., Mizokami M. and Lai C.L., Risk for hepatocellular carcinoma with respect to hepatitis B virus genotypes B/C, specific mutations of enhancer II/core promoter/precore regions and HBV DNA levels, Gut. 2008, 57(1): 98-102.

Researcher : Fu CY

List of Research Outputs

Chan S.S.C., Fu C.Y., Leung Y.P., Leung G.M., Wong E.M.Y. and Lam T.H., The effectiveness of smoking cessation counseling training in changing the knowledge, attitudes and practice of staff and volunteers of community woman organisations in Hong Kong, Society for Reserach on Nicotine and Tobacco 14th Annual Meeting, February 27 to March 1, 2008, Portland, Oregon, USA. 2008, 6.

Lam S.F., Tiwari A.F.Y., Yuen F.K.H., Chan S.S.C., Fu C.Y. and Hui Choi W.H., Improving Student Performance During Problem-based Learning Tutorial Sessions, The International Nursing Conference . 2007.

Researcher : Guo N

List of Research Outputs

Chan S.S.C., Guo N., Jiang C.Q., Fong D.Y.T. and Lam T.H., Tobacco control knowledge, attitudes and clinical practice of doctors and nurses in Guangzhou, China., 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Tobacco or Health , 19 October 2007.. 2007, PP07-22.

Leung Y.P., Chan S.S.C., Fong D.Y.T., Guo N. and Lam T.H., Relationship between prior training in tobacco control and knowledge, attitudes and clinical practice among health care professionals in Guangzhou, China, Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 14th Annual Meeting, February 27 to March 1, 2008, Portland, Oregon, USA. USA, 2008, 4.

Researcher : Ho HWY

List of Research Outputs

Chan E.K.L., Ho H.W.Y. and Tiwari A.F.Y., Co-occurrence of spouse battering and child abuse in Hong Kong, the 10th International Family Violence Research Conference, organized by the Family Research Laboratory & Crimes Against Children Research Center, Portsmouth, New Hampshire.. 2007.

Researcher : Hui Choi WH

Project Title:	Do pregnant women enjoy the supports and relationships they have?
Investigator(s):	Hui Choi WH
Department:	Nursing Studies
Source(s) of Funding:	Research Initiation Programme
Start Date:	07/2002

Abstract:

To gain a multi-dimensional understanding of psychosocial stress in Chinese pregnant women through multi-dimensional measurements; to investigate the impact of relationship with husband on psychosocial stress and adjustment process during childbearing months; to investigate the impact of perceived nursing supports on psychosocial stress and adjustment process during childbearing months.

List of Research Outputs

Hui Choi W.H., Determining Factors Of Psychosocial Adaptation In Pregnancy, 2nd Hong Kong Nursing Forum . 2008.

Hui Choi W.H., Motherhood Behaviors in Pregnancy, International Nursing Conference in Beijing. 2007.

Hui Choi W.H., What Kind Of Support Do Pregnant Women Need Most From Us?, at The First Hong Kong Nursing Forum organised by The Department of Nursing Studies of The University of Hong Kong in July 2007.

Lam S.F., Tiwari A.F.Y., Yuen F.K.H., Chan S.S.C., Fu C.Y. and Hui Choi W.H., Improving Student Performance During Problem-based Learning Tutorial Sessions, The International Nursing Conference . 2007.

Researcher : Ip WY

List of Research Outputs

Chan S.S.C., Jiang C.Q., Guo N., Ip W.Y. and Lam T.H., Establishing a smoking cessation clinic in Guangzhou, China: Preliinary results, 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Tobacco or Health. 18 October. 2007, PP01-13.

Chan S.S.C., Leung Y.P., Ip W.Y., Lau A.H.L., Wong C.N., Yeung B.W.S. and Lam T.H., Short term effect of the new anti-smoking legislation on smoking cessation related behaviours among smokers in Hong Kong: A cross sectional study, 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Tobacco or Health. 19 October. 2007, PP02-11.

Researcher : Lam SF

List of Research Outputs

Lam S.F., Tiwari A.F.Y., Yuen F.K.H., Chan S.S.C., Fu C.Y. and Hui Choi W.H., Improving Student Performance During Problem-based Learning Tutorial Sessions, The International Nursing Conference . 2007.

Researcher : Lau AKL

Project Title:	The quality of life of Chinese infertile couples undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment
Investigator(s):	Lau AKL, Fong DYT, Ng EHY
Department:	Nursing Studies
Source(s) of Funding:	Small Project Funding
Start Date:	11/2003

Abstract:

To compare the quality of life (QOL) of the mainland Chinese and Hong Kong Chinese couples undergoing ART treatment; to evaluate the QOL of mainland infertile Chinese couples in Shanghai who have undergone assisted reproductive technoloy (ART) treatment; to identify the gender difference in the QOL of the mainland infertile Chinese couples; to determine the changes of QOL of infertile couples at different stages of IVF treatment; to examine the psychometric properties and clinical application of the simplified Chinese versions of the SF-36.

Researcher : Lau SP

List of Research Outputs

Fong D.Y.T., Chiang V.C.L., Lam K.F., Leung S.S.K., Lee C.F., Lau S.P. and Chan S.S.C., Improving Teaching and Learning of Medical Statistics by a Web-based Statistical Platform, CITE Research Symposium 2008 – Empowering Communities & Transforming Learning. 2008.

Researcher : Lee ACK

List of Research Outputs

Chan S.S.C., So K.W., Wong C.N., Lee A.C.K. and Tiwari A.F.Y., Improving older adults' knowledge and practice of preventive measures through a telephone health education during the SARS epidemic in Hong Kong: A pilot study, International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2007, 44(7): 1120-1127.

Chiang V.C.L., Mak Y.W., Leung S.S.K., Chui C.Y.Y., Leung A.Y.M. and Lee A.C.K., Building capacity for life-long learning with freshmen students: Opportunities and the ongoing process, International Conference 2008: Healthy People for a Healthy World. 2008.

Lee A.C.K., Tang S.W. and Leung S.S.K., Depression literacy among older stroke survivors. , In Proceeding of the Third International Symposium of Health Aging on 2 March 2008. . 2008.

Lee A.C.K. and Tang S.W., Determinants of depression literacy among older stroke survivors., In Proceeding of Second Hong Kong Nursing Forum on 24 May 2008. . 2008.

Lee A.C.K. and Tang S.W., The clinical utility of smiley diagrams to detect depression among older stroke survivors. , In Proceeding of 2008 Asian Chinese Quality of Life Conference on 16 May 2008.. 2008.

Lee A.C.K., Tang S.W., Yu G.K.K. and Cheung R.T.F., The incidence and predictors of Depression After Stroke. , International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice.. 2007, 11: 200-206.

Researcher : Lee CF

List of Research Outputs

Fong D.Y.T., Chiang V.C.L., Lam K.F., Leung S.S.K., Lee C.F., Lau S.P. and Chan S.S.C., Improving Teaching and Learning of Medical Statistics by a Web-based Statistical Platform, CITE Research Symposium 2008 – Empowering Communities & Transforming Learning. 2008.

Researcher : Leung AYM

Project Title:	Learning in later life: Hong Kong SAR Chinese soon-to-be old adults' learning aspiration
Investigator(s):	Leung AYM, Chow NWS, Salili F
Department:	Nursing Studies
Source(s) of Funding:	Seed Funding Programme for Basic Research
Start Date:	11/2004

Abstract:

To identify factors leading to the Hong Kong SAR Chinese soon-to-be old adults' learning aspiration in later life and develop a model to present the phenomenon of LLL in Chinese population.

List of Research Outputs

Chan K.S., Leung A.Y.M., Lo E., Yung A., Chi I. and Cheng Y.H., Evaluation and Management of Geriatric Depression in Community-based Care Management Model in Hong Kong, The “Psycho-social Ageing in Chinese Societies” Symposium in the The Seventh Conference of Asian Association of Social Psychology (AASP). 2007.

Chan S.S.C., Wong C.N., Leung A.Y.M., Mak Y.W., Fong D.Y.T., Lam D.O.B. and Lam T.H., Implementation of Youth Quitline: An experience in Hong Kong, Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 14th Annual Meeting, February 27 to March 1, 2008, Portland, Oregon, USA. 2008, 123.

Chan S.S.C., Leung A.Y.M., Lam D.O.B., Mak Y.W., Fong D.Y.T., Wong C.N. and Lam T.H., Youth Quitline: An accessible telephone-based smoking cessation hotline for youth, Health Research Symposium 2007: Building bridges between research, practice and policy, Hong Kong. 29 September. 2007.

Chiang V.C.L., Mak Y.W., Leung S.S.K., Chui C.Y.Y., Leung A.Y.M. and Lee A.C.K., Building capacity for life-long learning with freshmen students: Opportunities and the ongoing process, International Conference 2008: Healthy People for a Healthy World. 2008.

Lam T.H., Chan S.S.C., Leung Y.P., Mak Y.W., Leung A.Y.M. and Chan K.K., General health promotion action and major health related lifestyle behaviors between current, former and never smokers among adults in Hong Kong (abstract), Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 14th Annual Meeting, 27 February - 1 March 2008, Portland, Oregon. Portland, Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2008, 17.

Leung A.Y.M., Chi I., Chan K.S. and Lou W., Advantage of using comprehensive assessment in community gerontological care: application of RAI-HC for screening and care plan development. , The 2nd Hong Kong Nursing Forum. 2008.

Leung A.Y.M., Chi I. and Chow N.W.S., Factors affecting Chinese Older Adults’ Engagement in Learning, Tthe “Psycho-social Ageing in Chinese Societies” Symposium in the The Seventh Conference of Asian Association of Social Psychology (AASP). 2007.

Leung A.Y.M., Fellow, CADENZA, The Hong Kong Jockey Club. 2008.

Leung A.Y.M., Chi I. and Chow N.W.S., Health-related learning among soon-to-be-aged adults in Hong Kong. , The 15th Annual Congress of Gerontology. . 2007.

Leung A.Y.M., Learning in later life: how enjoyable could this be!, Nurseletter (Newsletter of Department of Nursing Studies, The University of Hong Kong). 2007, 9: 2.

Leung A.Y.M., Learning in later life: how enjoyable could this be? , NurseLetter. 2007, 9: 2.

Leung A.Y.M., Chi I., Chan K.S. and Lou W., Report on the research outputs of the Hong Kong InterRAI research team., InterRAI. 2008.

Leung A.Y.M., Searching health information from the Internet: Hong Kong Chinese older adults’ experience. , Lifelong Learning Conference (Conferĕncia sobre a Aprendizagem Permanente). 2007.

Mak Y.W., Chan K.K., Chan S.S.C., Leung Y.P., Leung A.Y.M. and Lam T.H., General health promotion action and major health related lifestyle behaviors among current, former and never smoking adults in Hong Kong. , Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco (SRNT) 14th Annual Meeting. Feb 27–Mar 1, 2008 . Portland, OR, 2008.

Wong C.N., Chan S.S.C., Fong D.Y.T., Leung A.Y.M., Mak Y.W., Lam D.O.B. and Lam T.H., Stage transitions of smoking cessation among Chinese youth who called the Youth Quitline in Hong Kong, Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 14th Annual Meeting, February 27 to March 1, 2008, Portland, Oregon, USA. 2008, 121.

Researcher : Leung GM

Project Title:	Evidence-based practice (EBP) learning in the undergraduate medical curriculum - where is the evidence?
Investigator(s):	Leung GM, Fielding R, Ho LM, Johnston JM, Lam TH
Department:	Community Medicine
Source(s) of Funding:	Leung Kau Kui Research and Teaching Endowment Fund - Teaching Grants
Start Date:	01/2003

Abstract:

To evaluate, using a multimodal approach, the effectiveness and acceptability of an integrated undergraduate evidence-based practice curriculum assessing a) knowledge, attitudes and practice of EBP, b) acquisition of EBP skills through module-based assessments and summative examinations, c) demonstrated ability in applying EBP to a clinical problem and d) student and tutor satisfaction with the EBP programme.

Project Title:	The development and validation of a clinical prediction rule for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
Investigator(s):	Leung GM, Hedley AJ, Lam TH
Department:	Community Medicine
Source(s) of Funding:	Research Fund for the Control of Infectious Diseases - Full Grants
Start Date:	06/2004

Abstract:

To develop and validate a clinical prediction rule for diagnosis that would accurately identify patients with SARS at the point of first contact with the health care system and to assess the predictive accuracy of this rule.

Project Title:	A cost-effectiveness analysis of mammography screening in Hong Kong Chinese using state-transition Markov modelling
Investigator(s):	Leung GM, Lam CLK, Wong OL
Department:	Community Medicine
Source(s) of Funding:	Health Services Research Fund - Full Grants
Start Date:	08/2005

Abstract:

To assess the health consequences, costs, and cost-effectiveness of population-based mammography screening in Hong Kong Chinese women. Our primary hypothesis is that unlike in Western poopulations, mammography screening is nt cost-effective in the local context. However, given the continuing upward trend in the incidence of breast cancer, a parallel aim is to establish a set of epidemiologic threshold parameters beyond which screening should be re-evaluated.

Project Title:	Short- and medium-term outcomes of accelerated infant growth in Hong Kong Chinese birth cohort
Investigator(s):	Leung GM, Schooling CM, Thomas GN, Ho LM, Mak KH
Department:	Community Medicine
Source(s) of Funding:	Health and Health Services Research Fund - Full Grants
Start Date:	10/2005

Abstract:

To determin the effect of infant growth rates on markers of ill-health and cardiovascular risk

Project Title:	Horizontal equity in health care utilization in Hong Kong
Investigator(s):	Leung GM, Lo SV
Department:	Community Medicine
Source(s) of Funding:	Public Policy Research
Start Date:	01/2006

Abstract:

To assess and explain horizontal equity of health care utilization, specifically analyzing causes of variations in equity of utilization across income groups.

Project Title:	A controlled trial of masks and hand hygiene for reducing influenza transmission
Investigator(s):	Leung GM, Cowling BJ, Peiris JSM, Ho LM
Department:	Community Medicine
Source(s) of Funding:	National Center for Infectious Diseases (NCID)
Start Date:	09/2006

Abstract:

To assess the efficacy of face masks and/or hand hygiene in reducing household transmission of influenza.

Project Title:	Long-term care cost drivers and expenditure projection to 2033
Investigator(s):	Leung GM, Chan WS, Lo SV
Department:	Community Medicine
Source(s) of Funding:	Public Policy Research
Start Date:	04/2007

Abstract:

To assess key demographic and non-demographic cost drivers of LTC spending and to derive reliable quantitative estimates of expenditure projection to 2033. Specifically, we will estimate three key linked outcomes that determine LTC spending: 1) the future numbers of older people requiring LTC; 2) the likely level of demand for LTC services and disability benefits for old people; and 3) the costs, by financing source, associated with this demand.

Researcher : Leung SSK

Project Title:	A quasi-experimental study on cognitive-behavioural programme for work-related stress of secondary school teachers in HK: a pilot study
Investigator(s):	Leung SSK, Chiang VCL, Mak YW, Wong DFK
Department:	Nursing Studies
Source(s) of Funding:	Seed Funding Programme for Basic Research
Start Date:	04/2007

Abstract:

This study is a pilot to test and refine cognitive-behavioral (CB) programme for managing work-related stress among secondary school teachers in Hong Kong. It is a group CB programme of 3 weekly sessions with 3 hours per session. Educational pamphlets on work-stress management will also be provided. Objectives 1. To examine the level of mental health status (including depression and anxiety), stress, dysfunctional attitude, and stress management of secondary school teachesr;2. To test and refine the protocol of CB programme for managing work-stress;2. To validate the translated versions of instruments for measuring dysfunctional attitudes and health promoting lifestyle.Occupational stress is considered to be one of the ten leading work-related health problems. Teacher stress has been recognized as a widespread problem locally and abroad. [1,2,3,4,5,6]Studies have been conducted to investigate the phenomenon of stress-induced burnout among secondary schools teachers [6,10,11,12]. Harmful effects of teacher burnout on mental and physical health had been established by numerous studies [13,14,15,16,17]. Hong Kong teachers have no exception as evidenced by two consecutive episodes of suicides by secondary school teachers within a week and a mass protest in January this year. More than 10,000 teachers (equivalent to about one fifth of the teaching workforce) complained that educational reforms in recent years had put undue pressures on teachers [18]. A recent telephone survey [19] on 2,004 primary and secondary Hong Kong school teachers reported that the top sources of stress were education reform, school performance assessment, policy of language benchmark assessment stipulated by Education and Manpower Bureau [20] Among them, 19.7% and 13.8% had depressive and anxiety symptoms, respectively, and 8.3% had both [21]. Although a recent government press release reported average teaching hours in Hong Kong is less than UK and US, the statistics does not cover other duties such as curriculum design, lesson preparation, assignment marking, student counselling, organizing extra-curricular activities. Another survey on 2,579 secondary and special-education schools teachers indicated teachers on average worked 30 hours overtime per week and some teachers worked eight or nine Saturdays in a row [22]. Interventions to alleviate teachers' stress have been attempted using different approaches and strategies ranging from teacher motivation; personal efficacy to cope with stress [23,24,25] interpersonal support [26] or school peer support [23,24] rational-emotive therapy [27] or that relate to classroom management [28] stress inoculation program [26] and environmental manipulation [29] Among different interventions to reduce work-related stress, cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) has consistently been reported to be an effective approach [30,31]. Behavioural therapy involves behavioural techniques and changes while cognitive therapy [32, 33] involved cognitive restructuring without any behavioural techniques. Behavioral techniques for stress management commonly include relaxation techniques such as biofeedback, guided imagery, etc. [34]. CBT combines the behavioral and cognitive and works on an assumption that people may have many different forms of thinking errors, particularly in the state of unhealthy mental status. Those thinking errors stem from their automatic thoughts that are stimulated by emotions towards events happened and affected by related underlying beliefs [35]. These beliefs are relatively stable assumptions organized from prior experience relating to the self, the world and the future. These beliefs forms attitudes to guide the formation of expectancies and predictions about future and the interpretation of new events [36]. Some beliefs, however, lead to excessively negative interpretation of specific events, these are called dysfunctional beliefs [37]. Dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes are negative, rigid and extreme assumptions [38], and are typically relate to perfectionism and need for approval [39]. This project is proposed to introduce a programme to help secondary school teachers in Hong Kog to ameliorate the work-related stress through changing their thought process and correcting their dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes. Behaviors that helps reduce stress, such as relaxation exercise, will also be introduced. Participants will learn skills and techniques to correct dysfunctional thought, improve relaxation, a range of strategies to manage work demand.

List of Research Outputs

Chiang V.C.L., Mak Y.W., Leung S.S.K., Chui C.Y.Y., Leung A.Y.M. and Lee A.C.K., Building capacity for life-long learning with freshmen students: Opportunities and the ongoing process, International Conference 2008: Healthy People for a Healthy World. 2008.

Fong D.Y.T., Chiang V.C.L., Lam K.F., Leung S.S.K., Lee C.F., Lau S.P. and Chan S.S.C., Improving Teaching and Learning of Medical Statistics by a Web-based Statistical Platform, CITE Research Symposium 2008 – Empowering Communities & Transforming Learning. 2008.

Lee A.C.K., Tang S.W. and Leung S.S.K., Depression literacy among older stroke survivors. , In Proceeding of the Third International Symposium of Health Aging on 2 March 2008. . 2008.

Leung S.S.K., Longitudinal study of depression and maternal psychological symptoms in Hong Kong., International Conference 2008: Healthy People for a Healthy World.. 2008.

Leung S.S.K., Postpartum depression: Family support, The Samaritan Befrienders Hong Kong Newsletter. 2008.

Leung S.S.K., Premenstrual Syndrome: Stress and coping, The First Hong Kong Nursing Forum. HK, Department of Nursing Studies, HKU, 2007.

Researcher : Leung YP

List of Research Outputs

Chan S.S.C., Leung Y.P., Lau C.P., Wong V. and Lam T.H., A randomized controlled trial on a smoking cessation intervention among cardiac outpatients: Stage of readiness to quit smoking over time, 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Tobacco or Health. 19 October. 2007, PP07-01.

Chan S.S.C., Leung Y.P., Jiang C.Q. and Lam T.H., Clinical practice in smoking cessation and its relationship with tobacco use knowledge and attitude: A comparison of nurses in Guangzhou and Hong Kong, 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Tobacco or Health. 18 Octobter. 2007, pp01-07.

Chan S.S.C., Tiwari A.F.Y., Leung Y.P., Wong E.M.Y. and Patil N.G., Clinical problem-based learning in undergraduate nursing curriculum: An evaluation of students' critical thinking : Sophia Chan, AFY Tiwari, Patil NG, D Leung, E.Wong, Best Oral Presentation Award, 5th Asia Pacific Medical Education Conference, Singapore, 26-27 January 2008 : Presenter : Professor Sophia Chan on behalf of the authors. National University of Singapore, 2008, 50.

Chan S.S.C., Wong E.M.Y., Yeung B.W.S., Leung Y.P., Leung G.M. and Lam T.H., Effectiveness of a gender-specific smoking cessation service for woman smokers in Hong Kong: Preliminary results, 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Tobacco or Health. 18 October. 2007, pp01-11.

Chan S.S.C., Tiwari A.F.Y., Leung Y.P., Wong E.M.Y. and Wong A., Evaluating clinical problem-based learning (CPBL) in an undergraduate nursing curriculum: The teachers' perspective, 5th Asia Pacific Medical Education Conference, Singapore, 25-26 January . National University of Singapore, 2008, 200.

Chan S.S.C., Leung Y.P., Lau C.P., Wong V. and Lam T.H., Evaluating the effectiveness of a stage-specific smoking cessation intervention for cardiac outpatients: A randomized controlled trial, 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Tobacco or Health. 18 October. 2007, PP01-14.

Chan S.S.C., Wong E.M.Y., Yeung B.W.S., Leung Y.P., Leung G.M. and Lam T.H., Publicity strategies in promoting smoking cessation to woman smokers in the community: A Hong Kong experience, 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Tobacco or Health. 19 October. 2007, PP06-13.

Chan S.S.C., Leung Y.P., Lau C.P., Wong V. and Lam T.H., Relationship between previous quit attempts and psychology in quitting among Chinese smoking cardiac patients in Hong Kong, Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 14th Annual Meeting, February 27 to March 1, 2008, Portland, Oregon, USA. 2008, 6.

Chan S.S.C., Leung Y.P., Ip W.Y., Lau A.H.L., Wong C.N., Yeung B.W.S. and Lam T.H., Short term effect of the new anti-smoking legislation on smoking cessation related behaviours among smokers in Hong Kong: A cross sectional study, 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Tobacco or Health. 19 October. 2007, PP02-11.

Chan S.S.C., Fu C.Y., Leung Y.P., Leung G.M., Wong E.M.Y. and Lam T.H., The effectiveness of smoking cessation counseling training in changing the knowledge, attitudes and practice of staff and volunteers of community woman organisations in Hong Kong, Society for Reserach on Nicotine and Tobacco 14th Annual Meeting, February 27 to March 1, 2008, Portland, Oregon, USA. 2008, 6.

Kember D., Leung Y.P. and McNaught C., A workshop activity to demonstrate that approaches to learning are influenced by the teaching and learning environment, Active Learning in Higher Education. 2008, 9(1): 43-56.

Lam T.H., Chan S.S.C., Leung Y.P., Abdullah A.S.M., Wong V.T. and Hedley A.J., A randomised controlled trial of a smoking reduction intervention in promoting cessation among Chinese smokers with no intention to quit (abstract), Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 14th Annual Meeting, 27 February - 1 March 2008, Portland, Oregon. Portland, Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2008, 121.

Lam T.H., Chan S.S.C., Leung Y.P., Yeung B.W.S., Wong V.T. and Hedley A.J., Gender differences of smokers in a randomized controlled trial of a smoking reduction intervention, 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Toabcco or Health. 18 October. 2007, PP01-18.

Lam T.H., Chan S.S.C., Leung Y.P., Mak Y.W., Leung A.Y.M. and Chan K.K., General health promotion action and major health related lifestyle behaviors between current, former and never smokers among adults in Hong Kong (abstract), Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 14th Annual Meeting, 27 February - 1 March 2008, Portland, Oregon. Portland, Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2008, 17.

Leung Y.P., Chan S.S.C., Lau C.P., Wong V. and Lam T.H., Confirmatory factor analyses of three versions of the perceived stress scale (PSS) in Chinese smoking cardiac patients, 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Tobacco or Health. 18 October. 2007, pp01-08.

Leung Y.P., Ginns P. and Kember D., Examining the cultural specificity of approaches to learning in universities in Hong Kong and Sydney, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 2008, 39(3): 251-266.

Leung Y.P., Chan S.S.C., Fong D.Y.T., Guo N. and Lam T.H., Relationship between prior training in tobacco control and knowledge, attitudes and clinical practice among health care professionals in Guangzhou, China, Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 14th Annual Meeting, February 27 to March 1, 2008, Portland, Oregon, USA. USA, 2008, 4.

Mak Y.W., Chan K.K., Chan S.S.C., Leung Y.P., Leung A.Y.M. and Lam T.H., General health promotion action and major health related lifestyle behaviors among current, former and never smoking adults in Hong Kong. , Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco (SRNT) 14th Annual Meeting. Feb 27–Mar 1, 2008 . Portland, OR, 2008.

Researcher : Li WHC

List of Research Outputs

Chung O.K., Chui M.L., Li W.H.C. and Luk H.K., Resolution of Ethical Dilemmas in Clinical Practice Using the Twelve-step Approach to Ethical Work-up of Clinical Cases, 2007 Beijing International Nursing Conference. 2007.

Li W.H.C., A Multidimensional Approach in Measuring Children's Emotional Response to Surgery, School of Nursing，Peking Union Medical College Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 2007 Beijing International Nursing Conference . 2007.

Li W.H.C., Different Approaches in Assessing Children's Emotional Responses to Surgery: An Evaluation, Sigma Theta Tau International, Honor Society of Nursing. 2007.

Li W.H.C., Lopez V. and Lee T.L.I., Effectiveness and Appropriateness of Therapeutic Play Intervention in Preparing Children for Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial Study, Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing . 2008, 13(2): 63-73.

Li W.H.C. and Lopez V., Effects of Preoperative Therapeutic Play on Outcomes of School-age Children Undergoing Day Surgery, Research in Nursing & Health. 2007, 30: 320-332.

Li W.H.C., Evaluating the effectiveness of preoperative interventions: the appropriateness of using the Children's Emotional Manifestation Scale, Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2007, 16: 1919-1926.

Li W.H.C., Therapeutic Play Intervention: Its Effectiveness and Appropriateness in Preparing Children for Surgery in the Hong Kong Chinese Context, 17th International Play Association World Conference 2008. 95.

Li W.H.C., 遊戲治療減病童焦慮, 遊戲治療減病童焦慮, Apple Daily. 2008.

Researcher : Luk HK

List of Research Outputs

Chung O.K., Chui M.L., Li W.H.C. and Luk H.K., Resolution of Ethical Dilemmas in Clinical Practice Using the Twelve-step Approach to Ethical Work-up of Clinical Cases, 2007 Beijing International Nursing Conference. 2007.

Researcher : Mak YW

List of Research Outputs

Chan S.S.C., Wong C.N., Leung A.Y.M., Mak Y.W., Fong D.Y.T., Lam D.O.B. and Lam T.H., Implementation of Youth Quitline: An experience in Hong Kong, Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 14th Annual Meeting, February 27 to March 1, 2008, Portland, Oregon, USA. 2008, 123.

Chan S.S.C., Leung A.Y.M., Lam D.O.B., Mak Y.W., Fong D.Y.T., Wong C.N. and Lam T.H., Youth Quitline: An accessible telephone-based smoking cessation hotline for youth, Health Research Symposium 2007: Building bridges between research, practice and policy, Hong Kong. 29 September. 2007.

Chiang V.C.L., Mak Y.W., Leung S.S.K., Chui C.Y.Y., Leung A.Y.M. and Lee A.C.K., Building capacity for life-long learning with freshmen students: Opportunities and the ongoing process, International Conference 2008: Healthy People for a Healthy World. 2008.

Lam T.H., Chan S.S.C., Leung Y.P., Mak Y.W., Leung A.Y.M. and Chan K.K., General health promotion action and major health related lifestyle behaviors between current, former and never smokers among adults in Hong Kong (abstract), Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 14th Annual Meeting, 27 February - 1 March 2008, Portland, Oregon. Portland, Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2008, 17.

Mak Y.W., Chan S.S.C., Lam T.H., Mak K.H. and Leung S., A Randomized Controlled Trial On Brief Telephone Counseling On Household Smoking Restriction And Smoking Cessation Among Parents With Young Children: A Pilot Study., 1 st Hong Kong Nursing Forum. 2007.

Mak Y.W., Chan S.S.C., Mak K.H., Leung S. and Lam T.H., A randomized controlled trial brief telephone counseling on household smoking restriction and smoking cessation among parents with young children: a pilot study. , Second Hong Kong Nursing Forum: 24 May 2008 . Hong Kong, 2008.

Mak Y.W., Chan S.S.C., Wong V., Kwok R., Dai D., Abdullah A.S.M. and Lam T.H., Gender specific predictors of smoking cessation in public hospital smoking cessation centres in Hong Kong, 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Tobacco or Health. 18 October. 2007, FP04-04.

Mak Y.W., Chan K.K., Chan S.S.C., Leung Y.P., Leung A.Y.M. and Lam T.H., General health promotion action and major health related lifestyle behaviors among current, former and never smoking adults in Hong Kong. , Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco (SRNT) 14th Annual Meeting. Feb 27–Mar 1, 2008 . Portland, OR, 2008.

Mak Y.W., 堅守全人護理, In: 黃金月, 陳慧慈, 羅錦注, 黃月娥, 鄭炳樞, 護理專業燃亮生命, 2008, 39-50.

Wipfli H., Tang E.A., Acien A.N., Kim S., Onicescu G., Yuan J., Breysse P., Samet J.M., Chan S.S.C., Lam T.H., Mak Y.W. and FAMRI Home Study Investigators , Secondhand smoke exposure among women and children: evidence from 31 countries, American Journal of Public Health . 2008, 98(4).: 672 - 679.

Wong C.N., Chan S.S.C., Fong D.Y.T., Leung A.Y.M., Mak Y.W., Lam D.O.B. and Lam T.H., Stage transitions of smoking cessation among Chinese youth who called the Youth Quitline in Hong Kong, Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 14th Annual Meeting, February 27 to March 1, 2008, Portland, Oregon, USA. 2008, 121.

Researcher : Salili F

List of Research Outputs

Tiwari A.F.Y., Salili F., Chan R., Chan E.K.L. and Tang D., An evaluation of the effectiveness of an empowerment intervention in a group of abused Chinese women, Health Research Symposium 2007. Hong Kong.

Researcher : So KW

Project Title:	The lived experience of women after diagnosing uterine cervical cancer
Investigator(s):	So KW, Lam WWT, Yuen JKT
Department:	Nursing Studies
Source(s) of Funding:	Small Project Funding
Start Date:	11/2004

Abstract:

To explore the experience of living with uterine cervical cancer from the women's perspective.

Project Title:	The symptom cluster and quality of life in patients with breast cancer undergoing cancer treatment
Investigator(s):	So KW
Department:	Nursing Studies
Source(s) of Funding:	Small Project Funding
Start Date:	01/2006

Abstract:

The purposes of this study are: 1) to describe the meaning of the symptom experience among patients with breast cancer during the course of chemotherapy and / or radiotherapy; and 2) to examine the impact of the symptom experience of fatigue, pain and psychological distress on the quality of life in patients with breast cancer during the course of chemotherapy and / or radiotherapy. Research problem Breast cancer is the most common cancer in the female population in Hong Kong. (Cancer Registry, 2002) In general, patients who are diagnosed with breast cancer are advised to receive cancer treatment to inhibit / eliminate the growth of cancer cell. However, cancer or cancer treatment-related symptoms are often the most distressful experience for the cancer patients during and after the treatment. Increased demand of needs from this group of patients draws much concern from health professionals to provide better quality of care to these patients. Fatigue, pain and psychological distress are the most prevalence symptoms experienced by patients with cancer (National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Panel, 2004). These symptoms are also commonly reported by patients with breast cancer (deJong, Courtens, Abu-Saad, Schouten, 2002; Miaskowski & Dibble, 1995; Schain, d’Angelo, Dunn, Lichter, Pierce, 1994). In fact, patients with cancer often experience multiple symptoms concurrently. However, the majority of clinical studies focused on the experience of a single symptom (Baider et al., 2003; Schulz, 2001; Woo, Dibble, Piper, Keating & Weiss, 1998). Although this approach has advanced the understanding of some symptoms, it may not be helpful to health care professionals in guiding practice when the patient has several concurrent symptoms that are related to one another.

Project Title:	Preoperative anxiety and uncertainty of gynecological cancer patients
Investigator(s):	So KW
Department:	Nursing Studies
Source(s) of Funding:	Small Project Funding
Start Date:	08/2006

Abstract:

Research problem Gynecological cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world (Dorigo & Baker, 2003) as well as in the female population in Hong Kong (Hong Kong Cancer Registry, 2003). In Hong Kong, there were 949 new cases diagnosed with gynecological cancers in 1993. However, the number of new cases increased to 1254 in 2003 (Hong Kong Cancer Registry, 2003). This draws attention from the health care professionals and the society towards women's health and the provision of quality care among this population. The primary treatment for most of the gynecological cancer is surgery (Dorigo & Baker, 2003; Dorigo & Goodman, 2003; Holschneider, 2003). However, patients usually experienced psychological distress, especally anxiety, when receving surgery for cancer (Martin, 1996; Mitchell, 2003). Research studies supported a significant association between preoperative anxieties and uncertainties (Calvin & Lane, 1999; Wong & Bramwell, 1992). Perception of axiety and uncertainty may have negative effects on patient outcomes such as lengthen the duration of hospitalization and rehabilitation (Wong & Bramwell, 1992). However, little is known about anxiety and uncertainty in chinese women underging surgery for gynecological cancer, and factors that influence the level of anxety and uncertainty in this particular group of patients. Aim The aim of this study is to examine the level of uncertainty and anxiety among Hong Kong Chinese women with gynecological cancer before surgery, and to identify factors that affect the degree of uncertainty and anxiety. Research questions 1. What is the level of preoperative uncertainty experienced by Hong Kong Chinese women with gynecological cancer? 2. What is the level of preoperative anxiety in Hong Kong Chinese women with gynecological cancer? 3. What are the predictors to predict the level of preoperative uncertainty and anxiety experienced by Hong Kong Chinese women with gynecological cancer?

List of Research Outputs

Chan S.S.C., So K.W., Wong C.N. and Lam T.H., Building an integrated model of tobacco control education in the nursing curriculum: Findings of a students' survey, Journal of Nursing Education. 2008, 47(5): 223-226.

Chan S.S.C., So K.W., Wong C.N., Lee A.C.K. and Tiwari A.F.Y., Improving older adults' knowledge and practice of preventive measures through a telephone health education during the SARS epidemic in Hong Kong: A pilot study, International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2007, 44(7): 1120-1127.

Li P.W.C. and So K.W., 第九章：不屈不撓，屢創新意念., In: 黃金月，陳慧慈，羅錦注，黃月娥，鄭炳樞主編, <護理專業，燃亮生命>. 中華商務顏色印刷有限公司, 2008, 99-108.

So K.W., Marsh G., Ling W.M., Leung F.Y., Lo J.C.K., Yeung M. and Li G.K.H., Social support, symptom experience and quality of life of breast cancer paitents receiving treatment, The 6th Asian Breast Cancer Society Meeting (Invited speaker). 2007.

So K.W., Marsh G., Ling W.M., Leung F.Y., Lo J.C.K., Yeung M. and Li G.K.H., Symptom experience and coping strategies of patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy for breast cancer, The 13rd Hong Kong International Cancer Congress (Invited speaker). 2007.

So K.W., Marsh G., Ling W.M., Leung F.Y., Lo J.C.K., Yeung M. and Li G.K.H., The Quality of Life of Chinese Women undergoing Chemotherapy or Radiotherapy for Breast Cancer, 2008 Asian Chinese Quality of Life Conference (Invited speaker). 2008.

So K.W., Marsh G., Ling W.M., Leung F.Y., Lo J.C.K., Yeung M. and Li G.K.H., The quality of life of Chinese women undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy for breast cancer (Invited Lecture), 2008 Asian Chinese Quality of Life Conference, Guangzhou, China, 15 - 18 May 2008. 2008.

So K.W., Marsh G., Ling W.M., Leung F.Y., Lo J.C.K., Yeung M. and Li G.K.H., The symptom cluster of fatigue, pain and psychological distress in women receiving treatment for breast cancer - a multicenter study, The First Hong Kong Nursing Forum (Invited speaker). 2007.

So K.W. and Chui Y.Y., Women's experience of internal radiation treatment for uterine cervical cancer, Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2007, 60(2): 154-161.

So K.W., Workshop for smear takers and refresher course for cervical smear taking - General women’s health education , The Family Planning Association of Hong Kong. 2008.

So K.W., 癌症疲累，紓緩有法 , 都市日報. 2008, 33.

Tsai K.Y., So K.W., Wong S.Y.W., Kwan J.H.W., Chan I. and Ching P., Advancing quality care through translational research, International ICNN Cancer Nursing News. 2007, 19 (4): 8.

Tsai L.K.Y., So K.W., Wong S.Y.W., Kwan J.H.W., Wong I. and Ching P., Develop an evidence-based protocol of maintaining normothermia of colorectal patients, Hospital Authority Convention 2008.

Researcher : Sullivan PL

Project Title:	The effectiveness of a psychoeducational intervention to achieve and maintain dietary calcium intake of pre-menopausal Chinese women
Investigator(s):	Sullivan PL, Wong FYY
Department:	Nursing Studies
Source(s) of Funding:	Health Care and Promotion Fund - Research Grant Projects
Start Date:	02/2002

Abstract:

To test the effectiveness of a psychoeducational intervention to achieve and maintain adequate dietary calcium intake of pre-menopausal Chinese women.

Researcher : Tarrant AM

Project Title:	An investigation of the factors affecting academic performance in part-time degree programs
Investigator(s):	Tarrant AM
Department:	Nursing Studies
Source(s) of Funding:	Wu Jieh-Yee Research Fund
Start Date:	02/2005

Abstract:

Increasingly, mature adults are returning to post-secondary institutions to pursue part-time undergraduate and post-graduate degree programs. These students usually hold full-time or part-time employmemt while they complete their study and often also have spouses and children. Because of the multiple demands on their time, they are often unable to devote as much time as they would like to their studies. This in turn can influence academic performance. Furthermore, students in part-time programs often feel that course faculty do not recognize the competing demands on their time and that the workload of such programs is too heavy. Course teachers often feel that part-time students have an unrealistically low expectation about the requirement of part-time study.

Project Title:	The Frequency of Item Writing Flaws (IWFs) in High Stakes Nursing Examinatinos and The Unintended Consequences
Investigator(s):	Tarrant AM
Department:	Nursing Studies
Source(s) of Funding:	Leung Kau Kui Research and Teaching Endowment Fund - Teaching Grants
Start Date:	02/2005

Abstract:

Undergraduate nursing enrolment is increasing in Hong Kong and is set to increase even more over the next years. Formerly, nursing assessments could use a wide range of assessment instruments to support the curricular goals of bacalaureate programmes. In the future this is unlikely to be so and already now assessment strategies are being considered for coping with the challenge of increasing student numbers. Notwithstanding this development , it is expected that a variety of instruments will still be used, but there will be a greater reliance on machine marked tests. This has been the norm in medicine for many years. Indeed medical schools have gone together to share question banks.

Project Title:	Impact of Breastfeeding on Hospitalizations from Infectious Diseases in Hong Kong Chinese Children up to Eight Years of Age
Investigator(s):	Tarrant AM, Schooling CM, Leung GM
Department:	Nursing Studies
Source(s) of Funding:	Small Project Funding
Start Date:	11/2005

Abstract:

Infectious disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and hospitalization in Hong Kong children over one year of age(1). In children up to eight years of age, the cumulative incidence of ever-hospitalization from infectious disease is 43.4%(2). During infancy, breastfeeding protects against infectious disease (3-5), primarily in the prevention of respiratory infections(3, 6-9), gastrointestinal (GI) infections(10-13), and otitis media(9, 12, 14) (OM). Breastfeeding is also associated with long-term developmental benefits in several areas, such as cardiovascular risk factors(15), intellectual capacity(16, 17), and allergy(9, 18-20). Moreover, breastfeeding is thought to provide long-term protection against infections, due to milk-mediated influences that produce a ”healthier” immune system(21). Furthermore, nutritional deficiencies at key periods in infancy can result in permanent changes in later physiological functioning(22). However, relatively little research has examined the impact of breastfeeding on infectious disease in older children, particularly in an East Asian context, where there are different patterns of some common infectious diseases, such as influenza(23). Among the available literature, breastfeeding has been found to protect against OM in children until three years of age(24-27), and protect against Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) infection up to 10 years of age(28, 29). The effect of breastfeeding in reducing wheezing and allergic disease during childhood is thought to be largely the result of prevention of symptom-inducing infections rather than preventing asthma(30) , which is consistent with some studies finding breast-feeding protective against childhood respiratory infections(33) (34) . There are mixed findings on whether the protective effect of breastfeeding against diarrhoeal diseases lasts beyond infancy(10, 31, 32). The majority of these studies, however, had methodological limitations including: a retrospective design(10, 26, 28, 29, 31-33); failure to adjust adequately for known confounders(29, 34); and failure to stratify children by age group to differentiate the effects of breastfeeding on infants from older children (31-33). In Hong Kong, breastfeeding has been shown to reduce both outpatient and inpatient treatment for respiratory, GI, and febrile illnesses up to 18 months of age(7). Breastfeeding, however, is associated with an overall higher hospitalization rate as a result of increased hospitalizations for jaundice in breastfed infants(7). It is hypothesized that this is a result of different metabolism of bilirubin in East Asian infants that makes them more prone to developing jaundice(35, 36). This finding was unexpected and so far unique to this population. Therefore, in older Hong Kong children it also is less clear whether breastfeeding would confer protection. A well-designed prospective study is essential in order to confirm or refute observations(37) seen in older children in other populations, with potentially different patterns of vulnerability and infectious disease. The Chinese population of Hong Kong is an excellent social laboratory in which to investigate the effect of breastfeeding on infectious-disease related hospitalizations throughout childhood because the required data is easily accessible and available as a result of an existing large cohort study of Hong Kong children, first funded by the HSRC in 1997. There are also high rates of child hospital admissions associated with some infectious diseases, such as influenza in Hong Kong(23). Furthermore, there is a relatively stable population, which permits long term follow-up and the impact of potential confounders is minimized in the population because of low maternal smoking rates(38) and small family size(39). The basis for this study, a well-established birth cohort study, has already found a wide-range of environmental impacts on health in early life(7, 38, 40-46). Extending this birth cohort to look at longitudinal effects of early infant feeding on infectious disease hospitalizations in childhood is a logical and important step in expanding the knowledge base of the impact early life factors have on later child health outcomes. Objectives: •To test the hypothesis that breastfeeding protects against subsequent hospital admission for all infectious diseases and respiratory and gastrointestinal infections in children between birth and eight years of age; •To test the hypothesis that the protective effect of breastfeeding is dose specific and therefore, will be stronger with increasing duration of exclusive breastfeeding; •To test the hypothesis that breastfeeding will inversely impact disease severity (as measured by length of stay and total bed-days consumed).

Project Title:	Changing Infant Feeding Models: Impact of Cessation of Complimentary Infant Formula in Public Hospitals on the Duration and Exclusivity of Breastfeeding
Investigator(s):	Tarrant AM, Fong DYT, Wong EMY
Department:	Nursing Studies
Source(s) of Funding:	Small Project Funding
Start Date:	11/2006

Abstract:

Breastfeeding is both a key public health and public policy issue. The benefits of breastfeeding to both the infant and the mother have been widely recognized(1). During infancy, breastfeeding protects against infectious disease(2-4), primarily in the prevention of respiratory infections(3, 5-8), gastrointestinal (GI) infections(9-12), and otitis media (OM)(6, 11, 13). Long term, breastfeeding is associated with benefits in several areas, such as cardiovascular risk factors(14), intellectual capacity(15, 16), and allergy(6, 17-19). Women in Hong Kong, like women in many other industrialized countries, are increasingly choosing to breastfeed their infants. Although 60% of all new mothers now initiate breastfeeding, up from 19% in 1981(20) and 37% in 1997(21), Hong Kong still has some of the lowest breastfeeding rates in the developed world(22-28). Despite recommendations for exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months of age(1, 2, 29), few Hong Kong women exclusively breastfeed and most stop breastfeeding within the first few months(30). In 1991, the WHO and UNICEF launched the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) to promote quality breastfeeding care and to increase breastfeeding rates worldwide(31). The BFHI outlined 10 steps hospitals must follow to be awarded the title of Baby Friendly (see Appendix 1) and is the gold standard for breastfeeding care in hospitals. To date, approximately 15,000 hospitals worldwide have received the Baby-Friendly designation, over 6,000 of which are in Mainland China(32). No hospital in Hong Kong has yet received this designation. Over the past decade, however, public hospitals in Hong Kong have taken steps toward meeting this gold standard. Baby-friendly policies have been written, health-care staff have been provided training, pregnant women are informed of the benefits of breastfeeding, rooming-in and breastfeeding on demand are encouraged, and breastfeeding support groups have been initiated. Undoubtedly, these steps are responsible for the increasing breastfeeding initiation rates. A recent decision by the Hospital Authority to purchase infant formula at fair market price as stipulated by the WHO(33), instead of the current practice of accepting free formula from manufacturers, removes one of the final barriers to Baby-Friendly status. While this policy change does not guarantee hospitals will meet this gold standard, it is a large step in the right direction, providing a unique opportunity to study the impact of this new model of care in public hospitals. The acceptance of free infant formula by hospitals has been recognized by the WHO as having a negative impact on breastfeeding practices. It communicates to mothers that artificial milks are an equally acceptable and healthy feeding method. Free or low-cost formula encourages formula supplementation of breastfeeding newborns(34, 35) contributing to lower rates of exclusive breastfeeding and a shorter breastfeeding duration(36-40). The use of supplements reduces the frequency of breastfeeding decreasing the amount of nipple stimulation and of breastmilk removed, all of which in turn contribute to decreased milk production(33). Two separate US studies found that early infant formula supplementation was the strongest predictor of breastfeeding cessation and doubled the risk of early breastfeeding termination(36, 37). In Switzerland, exclusive breastfeeding while in hospital was associated with an 8-week increase in the median duration of breastfeeding (13 weeks vs. 5 weeks) and introduction of infant formula in the hospital was the strongest predictor of breastfeeding cessation (HR=2.23; 95% CI = 1.82, 2.74)(38). Some reasons hospital staff use supplementation are maternal fatigue and maternal preference, problems initiating breastfeeding, hyperbilirrubinemia, and perceived insufficient milk(41, 42). None of these reasons, however, medically necessitates supplementation(43). Other studies have shown that the implementation of the Baby-Friendly steps in hospitals increases breastfeeding initiation(44, 45), duration and exclusivity(46-49). Breastfeeding initiation rates in US Baby-Friendly hospitals are 83.8% compared to an overall initiation rate of 69.5% and the exclusive breastfeeding rate is 78.4% versus the national average of 46.3%(50). In Switzerland, the proportion of exclusively breastfed infants at 5 months of age is 42% in Baby-Friendly hospitals and 34% in infants born elsewhere; breastfeeding duration is 35 weeks versus 29 weeks elsewhere(38). A randomized trial in the Republic of Belarus found that adopting Baby-Friendly practices significantly increased breastfeeding initiation (73% in intervention group vs. 60% in control group) and exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months (43.3% vs 6.4%) and 6 months (7.9% vs 0.6%)(51, 52). Furthermore, implementation of Baby-friendly practices also significantly improves and sustains breastfeeding rates in populations with normally low rates of breastfeeding(48, 49). Ending the supply of free formula is often the most difficult step for hospitals to achieve(49) and yet it likely has the strongest influence on breastfeeding rates(37). Getting a good start is crucial to breastfeeding success. The effect of the implementation of the Baby-Friendly practices has largely been measured for all steps combined and few have been assessed individually. Therefore, the precise impact of this impending change to care delivery has not been previously measured. The upcoming policy change offers a unique opportunity to rigorously measure the impact and the outcomes related to breastfeeding. Assessing breastfeeding outcomes both before and after the implementation of the new model will help to ensure that other time sensitive factors do not impact the outcomes under investigation. Over this study time period no major changes in overall breastfeeding care are expected to occur. External events potentially impacting breastfeeding will be closely monitored. Aims: To test the hypothesis that cessation of free infant formula supplied to hospitals and mothers has a positive impact on breastfeeding duration and exclusivity in infants; To test the hypothesis that the cessation of free infant formula supplied to hospitals and mothers decreases infant formula supplementation rates in breastfeeding infants; To test the hypothesis that the infant formula supplementation during the newborn’s hospital stay has an inverse dose-response effect on breastfeeding duration and exclusivity in infants.

Project Title:	Impact of breastfeeding on hospitalizations from infectious diseases in Hong Kong Chinese children up to eight years of age
Investigator(s):	Tarrant AM, Schooling CM, Ho LM, Leung GM
Department:	Nursing Studies
Source(s) of Funding:	Research Fund for the Control of Infectious Diseases - Full Grants
Start Date:	03/2007

Abstract:

To investigate the relationship between infant feeding methods and childhood hospitalizations from respiratory and gastrointestinal infections

List of Research Outputs

Dodgson J.E. and Tarrant A.M., Outcomes of a breastfeeding educational intervention for baccalaureate nursing students., Nurse Education Today. 2007, 27(8): 856-867.

Melby C.S., Dodgson J.E. and Tarrant A.M., The experiences of western expatriate nurse educators teaching in Eastern Asia., Journal of Nursing Scholarship. 2008, 40: 176-183.

Tarrant A.M., Dodgson J.E. and Law B.V.K.K., A curricular approach to improve the information literacy skills of part time post-registration nursing students in Hong Kong., Nurse Education Today. 2008, 48: 458-468.

Tarrant A.M., Kwok M.K., Schooling C.M., Leung S.S.L., Mak K.H., Ho L.M. and Leung G.M., Impact of breastfeeding on hospitalizations from infectious diseases in Hong Kong Chinese children up to eight years of age., Health Research Symposium 2007, Hong Kong. Hong Kong, 2007.

Tarrant A.M. and Dodgson J.E., Re: Practice of breastfeeding and factors that affect breastfeeding in Hong Kong, Hong Kong Medical Journal. 2007, 13(3): 249-250.

Tarrant A.M. and Ware J., The impact of item-writing flaws in multiple-choice questions on student achievement in high stakes nursing assessments., Medical Education. 2008, 42: 198-206.

Tarrant A.M. and Ware J., The impact of item-writing flaws in multiple-choice questions on student achievement in high-stakes nursing assessments., International Nurse Educators Conference – New Visions for Nursing Education, Hong Kong. Hong Kong, 2007.

Tiwari A.F.Y., Tarrant A.M., Yuen F.K.H., Chan S.S.C., Kagan S., Ching P., Wong A. and Wong S.S.Y., Best of Journal of Nursing Scholarship, World Health Category, Sigma Theta Tau International. 2007.

Ware J. and Tarrant A.M., The impact of flawed high-stakes examinations. , 13th International Conference on Clinical Competence (Ozzawa). Melbourne, Australia., 2008.

Researcher : Tiwari AFY

Project Title:	An investigation into the needs of patients with SARS
Investigator(s):	Tiwari AFY, Chan SSC, Tsang KWT, Lee PWH
Department:	Nursing Studies
Source(s) of Funding:	VCO SARS Research Fund
Start Date:	07/2003

Abstract:

To identify the needs of patients with SARS; to find out if the patients' needs vary according to their background; to compare the patients' needs at different stages of recovery.

Project Title:	Impact of intimate partner violence on the physical and mental health and social well-being of Chinese women at a shelter for abused women in Hong Kong
Investigator(s):	Tiwari AFY, Salili F
Department:	Nursing Studies
Source(s) of Funding:	Small Project Funding
Start Date:	11/2003

Abstract:

To assess the physical and mental health and the social well-being of a group of Chinese women at a local shelter for abused women; to compare the physical and mental health and the social well-being of abused women with that of non-abused women; to identify the predictors of health and well-being among abused women.

Project Title:	The longitudinal effects of peer tutoring
Investigator(s):	Tiwari AFY, Yuen FKH, Salili F, Chan SSC
Department:	Nursing Studies
Source(s) of Funding:	Leung Kau Kui Research and Teaching Endowment Fund - Teaching Grants
Start Date:	04/2004

Abstract:

To assess the long-term effects of peer tutoring on nursing students' role conception, academic motivation and approaches to learning.

Project Title:	An evaluation of the effectiveness of an empowerment intervention in a group of abused Chinese women
Investigator(s):	Tiwari AFY, Salili F, Chan RYP, Chan EKL, Tang D
Department:	Nursing Studies
Source(s) of Funding:	Health and Health Services Research Fund - Full Grants
Start Date:	12/2004

Abstract:

Intimate partner violence is a public helth problem with abused women reporting poor health status, poor quality of life, and higher use of health services. Effective empowerment intervention may facilitate the adoption of health promotion behaviors and early detection of health problems, thus leading to a reduction of health care costs.

Project Title:	A validation of the Chinese (Hong Kong) version of the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CCTDI)
Investigator(s):	Tiwari AFY, Fong DYT, Chan SSC, Yuen FKH, Lai P
Department:	Nursing Studies
Source(s) of Funding:	Small Project Funding
Start Date:	01/2006

Abstract:

The 21st century, with its global social, economic, educational, environemntal and health challenges, demands not the teaching of soon to be obsolete facts but the fostering of critical thinking at all levels of education. Those charged with the responsibility of providing professional education have responded to the changing needs by initiating curricular reform to promote critical thinking development, for example, the General Medical Council of the United Kingdom (1), the National League for Nurisng of the United States of America (2), and the Council of Europe (3). Such an endeavour is not only confined to professional education. In a recent review of education system in the Hong Kong SAR, the Education Commission (4) states that the overall aims of education for the 21st century should be "to enable every person to attain all-round development …so that he/she is capable of life-long learning, critical and exploratory thinking…". Furthermore, the commitment to "provide a comprehensive education, developing fully the intellectual and personal strengths of its students" is clearly stated in the mission statement of this university (5).While there is consensus about the importance of critical thinking, measuring the construct was, until the last decade, a challenge to those who attempted it. Partly, this was due to the lack of a universal agreement about the definition of critical thinking. There was also a lack of valid and reliable instruments for measuring critical thinking. With the publication of the Delphi Research project on critical thinking commissioned by the American Philosophical Association (6), there now exists a cross-disciplinary consensus definition of critical thinking. A number of critical thinking measuring tools has also been constructed through robust, iterative empirical methods (7). More importantly, the new development has enabled the measurement of the disposition to think critically, which is deemed to be essential for achieving mastery over critical thinking skills (7). The California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CCTDI) (7), developed from the Delphi Report (6), is designed to measure the dispositional aspect of critical thinking. It has been used extensively among high school and university students in the US with satisfactory psychometric properties (8). A Chinese version of the CCTDI, based on the translation of a Taiwanese nurse scholar (9), was used by one of the researchers (Tiwari) in a study of Chinese (Hong Kong) nursing students (10). While the internal consistency of the Chinese CCTDI was evidently satisfactory (Cronbach's alpha of 0.70), the sample on which it was used was small (n = 110) and its psychometric properties were not fully studied. Furthermore, some respondents queried the meaning of a number of the items as they were expressed in Taiwanese Chinese. Subsequently, incremental changes were made to the Chinese CCTDI by this team of researchers over the last two years with the help of the original test constructors (Noreen and Peter Facione). We also received requests from researchers in Hong Kong and China to use the modified Chinese version of the CCTDI. Even though we had to decline as we felt that the modified version had not been properly validated, the demand for a Chinese CCTDI is obvious. Recently, two members of the team (Tiwari & Yuen) met with Noreen and Peter Facione to plan a validation of the Chinese version of the CCTDI in a population of Chinese (Hong Kong) students. It is intended that the proposed study will: (a) translate the original English version of the CCTDI into Chinese; and (b) study the psychometric properties of the translated instrument in a population of Chinese (Hong Kong) students.References1. General Medical Council. Tomorrow's Doctors: Recommendations on Undergraduate Medical Education. London: General Medical Council; 1993.2. National League for Nursing. Accreditation Standards for Baccalaureate Degree Programs and Masters Degree Programs. New York: National League for Nursing; 1990.3. Council of Europe. The Role and Education of Nurses. Draft Revised Agreement. Strasbourg: Council of Europe; 1995. 4. Education Commission. Review of Education System: Reform Proposals. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China Education Commission; 2000.5. The University of Hong Kong. The University's Mission. Hong Kong: The University of Hong Kong; 2005.6. American Philosophical Association. Critical thinking: A statement of expert consensus for purposes of educational assessment and instruction. The Delphi Report: Research findings and recommendations prepared for the committee on pre-college philosophy. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 315-423); 1990.7. Facione N, Facione P. Critical thinking assessment in nursing education programs: An aggregate data analysis. Millbrae, CA: The California Academic Press; 1997.8. Facione N, Facione P, Sanchez CA. Critical thinking disposition as a measure of competent clinical judgment: The development of the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory. Journal of Nursing Education 1994; 33: 345-50.9. Ip ML. The CCTDI (Chinese translation). Millbrae, CA: The California Academic Press; 1992.10. Tiwari A, Avery A, Lai P. Critical thinking disposition of Hong Kong Chinese and Australian nursing students. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2003; 44 (3): 298-307.

List of Research Outputs

Brownridge D.A., Chan E.K.L., Hiebert-Murphy D., Ristock J., Tiwari A.F.Y., Leung W.C. and Santos S.C., The elevated risk for non-lethal post-separation violence in Canada, Journal of Interpersonal Violence. Sage, 2008, 23: 117-135.

Chan E.K.L., Ho H.W.Y. and Tiwari A.F.Y., Co-occurrence of spouse battering and child abuse in Hong Kong, the 10th International Family Violence Research Conference, organized by the Family Research Laboratory & Crimes Against Children Research Center, Portsmouth, New Hampshire.. 2007.

Chan E.K.L., Brownridge D.A., Tiwari A.F.Y., Fong D.Y.T. and Leung W.C., Understanding violence against Chinese women in Hong Kong: An analysis of risk factors with a special emphasis on the role of in-law conflict, Violence Against Women. 2007, 2008 forthcoming.

Chan S.S.C., Tiwari A.F.Y., Leung Y.P., Wong E.M.Y. and Patil N.G., Clinical problem-based learning in undergraduate nursing curriculum: An evaluation of students' critical thinking : Sophia Chan, AFY Tiwari, Patil NG, D Leung, E.Wong, Best Oral Presentation Award, 5th Asia Pacific Medical Education Conference, Singapore, 26-27 January 2008 : Presenter : Professor Sophia Chan on behalf of the authors. National University of Singapore, 2008, 50.

Chan S.S.C., Tiwari A.F.Y., Leung Y.P., Wong E.M.Y. and Wong A., Evaluating clinical problem-based learning (CPBL) in an undergraduate nursing curriculum: The teachers' perspective, 5th Asia Pacific Medical Education Conference, Singapore, 25-26 January . National University of Singapore, 2008, 200.

Chan S.S.C., So K.W., Wong C.N., Lee A.C.K. and Tiwari A.F.Y., Improving older adults' knowledge and practice of preventive measures through a telephone health education during the SARS epidemic in Hong Kong: A pilot study, International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2007, 44(7): 1120-1127.

Chan S.S.C., Leung D., Chui H., Tiwari A.F.Y., Wong E.M.Y., Wong C.N., Barnsteiner J.H. and Lau Y.L., Parental responses to child's isolation during the SARS outbreak, Ambulatory Pediatrics. 2007, 7(5): 401-404.

Lam S.F., Tiwari A.F.Y., Yuen F.K.H., Chan S.S.C., Fu C.Y. and Hui Choi W.H., Improving Student Performance During Problem-based Learning Tutorial Sessions, The International Nursing Conference . 2007.

Tiwari A.F.Y., "'We hear you’: A nursing innovation to prevent partner violence against women”, New Territory West Cluster International Nurses Day Celebration 2008. Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong. 14 May, 2008.. 2008.

Tiwari A.F.Y., Yuk H., Pang P., Fong D.Y.T., Yuen F.K.H., Humphreys J. and Bullock L., A RCT to test the effectiveness of a telephone intervention to improve the mental health of community dwelling women abused by their intimate partner, Health Research Symposium 2007. Hong Kong.

Tiwari A.F.Y., Addressing the health consequences of intimate partner violence: Lessons from health research, Health Reserach Symposium 2007. Hong Kong.

Tiwari A.F.Y., Addressing the health consequences of intimate partner violence: lessons from health research, Health Research Symposium 2007: Building Bridges Between Research, Practice & Policy. Academy of Medicine, Hong Kong. 29 September 2007. . 2007.

Tiwari A.F.Y., Salili F., Chan R., Chan E.K.L. and Tang D., An evaluation of the effectiveness of an empowerment intervention in a group of abused Chinese women, Health Research Symposium 2007. Hong Kong.

Tiwari A.F.Y., Tarrant A.M., Yuen F.K.H., Chan S.S.C., Kagan S., Ching P., Wong A. and Wong S.S.Y., Best of Journal of Nursing Scholarship, World Health Category, Sigma Theta Tau International. 2007.

Tiwari A.F.Y., Domestic violence in pregnancy, HKCOG Postgraduate Seminar. Academy of Medicine, Hong Kong. 11 November, 2007.. 2007.

Tiwari A.F.Y., Early recognition of anxiety disorders in general population and nursing interventions, 2006 International Forum on Community Psychological Medicine (IFCPM). Family Medicine Unit, The University of Hong Kong. 2007.

Tiwari A.F.Y., Emergency nursing: Identifying women with a history of intimate partner violence, Scientific Symposium on Emergency Medicine, Innovations and Technologies in emergency Medicine. 急症醫學--創新與科技, Hong Kong, Scientific Symposium on Emergency Medicine 2007, 2007, C2.3 P.27.

Tiwari A.F.Y., Emergency nursing: Identifying women with a history of intimate partner violence, Scientific Symposium on Emergency Medicine. Academy of Medicine, Hong Kong. 17-18 October, 2007.. 2007.

Tiwari A.F.Y., Enhancing the health of abused women through Chinese dietetics, 2nd Nursing Forum. The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. 24 May 2008.. 2008.

Tiwari A.F.Y., Fong D.Y.T., Chan E.K.L., Leung W.C., Parker B. and Ho P.C., Identifying intimate partner violence: Comparing the Chinese Abuse Assessment Screen with the Chinese Revised Conflict Tactics Scales, The 12th International Conference on Violence Abuse and Trauma. San Diego, USA, 2007.

Tiwari A.F.Y., Fong D.Y.T., Chan E.K.L., Leung W.C., Parker B. and Ho P.C., Identifying intimate partner violence: comparing the Chinese abuse assessment screen with the Chinese revised conflict tactics scales, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. England, 2007, 114: 1065-1071.

Tiwari A.F.Y. and Yuen F.K.H., Interpreting Benevolence and Righteousness in Contemporary Health Care , In Facione, N and Facione P; (Eds.), Critical thinking and Clinical reasoning in health sciences: An International Multidisciplinary Teaching Anthology . Millabrae, The California Academic Press LLC, 2008, 15-24.

Tiwari A.F.Y., Wong J.Y.H., Fong D.Y.T., Chan E.K.L., Leung W.C., Brownridge D.A. and Ho P.C., Intimate partner violence in obstetric/gynecology patients: a Chinese perspective, Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2008, 3(3): 317-330.

Tiwari A.F.Y. and Chan E.K.L., Is pregnancy a risk factor for intimate partner violence among Chinese women?, International Family Violence and Child Victimization Research Conference. Durham NH USA, University of New Hampshire, 2007, D-23.

Tiwari A.F.Y. and Chan E.K.L., Is pregnancy a risk factor for intimate partner violence among Chinese women?, the 10th International Family Violence Research Conference, organized by the Family Research Laboratory & Crimes Against Children Research Center, Portsmouth, New Hampshire. 2007.

Tiwari A.F.Y., Nursing Role in Family Violence Prevention and Intervention Programmes, 3rd International Nursing Conference. Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. 23-26 May, 2008.. 2008.

Tiwari A.F.Y., Sexual violence, The South African Medical Research Council Round Table on Sexual Violence, Forum 11. Global Forum for Health Research. Beijing, China. 29 October – 2 November, 2007.. 2007.

Tiwari A.F.Y., Chan E.K.L., Fong D.Y.T., Brownridge D.A., Lam H., Wong B., Lam C.M., Chan F., Chan A., Cheung K.B. and Ho P.C., The impact of psychological abuse by an intimate partner on the mental health of pregnant women, BJOG. Blackwell, 2008, 115: 377-384.

Tiwari A.F.Y., What is the health-related quality of life among Chinese abused women?, Asian Chinese Quality of Life Conference. Guangzhou, China. 15-18 May, 2008. . 2008.

Researcher : Wong CN

List of Research Outputs

Chan S.S.C., So K.W., Wong C.N. and Lam T.H., Building an integrated model of tobacco control education in the nursing curriculum: Findings of a students' survey, Journal of Nursing Education. 2008, 47(5): 223-226.

Chan S.S.C., Wong C.N., Leung A.Y.M., Mak Y.W., Fong D.Y.T., Lam D.O.B. and Lam T.H., Implementation of Youth Quitline: An experience in Hong Kong, Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 14th Annual Meeting, February 27 to March 1, 2008, Portland, Oregon, USA. 2008, 123.

Chan S.S.C., So K.W., Wong C.N., Lee A.C.K. and Tiwari A.F.Y., Improving older adults' knowledge and practice of preventive measures through a telephone health education during the SARS epidemic in Hong Kong: A pilot study, International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2007, 44(7): 1120-1127.

Chan S.S.C., Leung D., Chui H., Tiwari A.F.Y., Wong E.M.Y., Wong C.N., Barnsteiner J.H. and Lau Y.L., Parental responses to child's isolation during the SARS outbreak, Ambulatory Pediatrics. 2007, 7(5): 401-404.

Chan S.S.C., Leung Y.P., Ip W.Y., Lau A.H.L., Wong C.N., Yeung B.W.S. and Lam T.H., Short term effect of the new anti-smoking legislation on smoking cessation related behaviours among smokers in Hong Kong: A cross sectional study, 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Tobacco or Health. 19 October. 2007, PP02-11.

Chan S.S.C., Wong C.N. and Lam T.H., The short-term impact of the anti-smoking legislation in recruiting teenage smokers in Hong Kong, 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Tobacco or Health. 20 October. 2007, FP05-06.

Chan S.S.C., Leung A.Y.M., Lam D.O.B., Mak Y.W., Fong D.Y.T., Wong C.N. and Lam T.H., Youth Quitline: An accessible telephone-based smoking cessation hotline for youth, Health Research Symposium 2007: Building bridges between research, practice and policy, Hong Kong. 29 September. 2007.

Wong C.N., Chan S.S.C., Fong D.Y.T., Leung A.Y.M., Mak Y.W., Lam D.O.B. and Lam T.H., Stage transitions of smoking cessation among Chinese youth who called the Youth Quitline in Hong Kong, Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 14th Annual Meeting, February 27 to March 1, 2008, Portland, Oregon, USA. 2008, 121.

Wong C.N., Chan S.S.C., Fong D.Y.T., Ho D.S.Y. and Lam T.H., The moderating effect of past quit attempts to explain youths' intention to quit smoking, 8th Asia Pacific Conference on Tobacco or Health. 19 October. 2007, PP06-20.

Researcher : Wong CN

List of Research Outputs

Researcher : Wong EML

List of Research Outputs

Chair S.Y., Lee S.F., Lopez V. and Wong E.M.L., Risk Factors Of Hong Kong Chinese Patients With Coronary Heart Disease, In: Chair SY, Lee SF, Lopez V, Wong, Eliza ML, Journal Of Clinical Nursing . Blackwell, 2007, 16: 1278-1284.

Man S.Y., Wong E.M.L., Ng Y.C., Lau P.F., Lopez V., Mak P.S.K., Graham C.A. and Rainer T.H., Cost-consequence Analysis Comparing 2-octyl Cyanoacrylate Tissue Adhesive And Suture For Closure Of Simple Lacerations: Randomized Controlled Trial, Annals Of Emergency Medicine. Elsevier, 2008.

Wong E.M.L., Rainer T., Ng Y.C., Chan M.S. and Lau P.F., A randomized controlled trial for the cost-effectiveness of using tissue adhesive (Dermabond) & suture,, In: Wong EM, Rainer TH, Ng YC,Chan MS, Lau, PF., Proceeding of 18th International Nursing Research Congress. Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing. . 2007.

Wong E.M.L., Ng Y.C., Chan M.S., Lau P.F., Rainer T.H., Man S.Y., Mak P. and Lopez V., Cost-effectiveness of using Dermabond (2-Octyl cyanoacrylate) versus suture in the lacerated wound closure, In: Wong Eliza ML, NG YC, Chan MS , Lau P F , Rainer TH , Man SY, Mak, Paulina , Lopez, V. , Proceeding of Health Research Symposium 2007. Food and Health Bureau, The government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.. Hong Kong, 2007.

Wong E.M.L. and Lau P.F., Evolving Towards Professionalism In Emergency Nursing In Hong Kong , International Emergency Nursing . Amsterdam, Elsevier, 2008, 16: 53-58.

Wong E.M.L. and Chan S., The effect of an education program on pain management and post –operative outcome of Chinese patients with traumatic fracture limb undergoing surgery. , In: Wong , E. M , Chan S, Proceeding of 18th International Nursing Research Congress. Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing. 2007.

Wong E.M.L. and Chan S., The pain experience and beliefs of Chinese patients who have sustained a traumatic limb fracture , International Emergency Nursing . Amsterdam, Elsevier, 2008, 16: 80-87.

Researcher : Wong EMY

Project Title:	Application of the theory of planned behaviour to predict the Chinese women's uptake of rap smear screening behaviour
Investigator(s):	Wong EMY
Department:	Nursing Studies
Source(s) of Funding:	Seed Funding for New Staff
Start Date:	06/2003

Abstract:

To determine the relationship between women's planned behaviour towards the attendance of smear screening.

Researcher : Wong JYH

List of Research Outputs

Tiwari A.F.Y., Wong J.Y.H., Fong D.Y.T., Chan E.K.L., Leung W.C., Brownridge D.A. and Ho P.C., Intimate partner violence in obstetric/gynecology patients: a Chinese perspective, Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2008, 3(3): 317-330.

Researcher : Yuen FKH

List of Research Outputs

Lam S.F., Tiwari A.F.Y., Yuen F.K.H., Chan S.S.C., Fu C.Y. and Hui Choi W.H., Improving Student Performance During Problem-based Learning Tutorial Sessions, The International Nursing Conference . 2007.

Tiwari A.F.Y., Yuk H., Pang P., Fong D.Y.T., Yuen F.K.H., Humphreys J. and Bullock L., A RCT to test the effectiveness of a telephone intervention to improve the mental health of community dwelling women abused by their intimate partner, Health Research Symposium 2007. Hong Kong.

Tiwari A.F.Y., Tarrant A.M., Yuen F.K.H., Chan S.S.C., Kagan S., Ching P., Wong A. and Wong S.S.Y., Best of Journal of Nursing Scholarship, World Health Category, Sigma Theta Tau International. 2007.

Tiwari A.F.Y. and Yuen F.K.H., Interpreting Benevolence and Righteousness in Contemporary Health Care , In Facione, N and Facione P; (Eds.), Critical thinking and Clinical reasoning in health sciences: An International Multidisciplinary Teaching Anthology . Millabrae, The California Academic Press LLC, 2008, 15-24.

Researcher : Yuen WK

List of Research Outputs

Yuen W.K. and Cheung C.H., Pre-elderly Home Admission Visit Rduces Stress and Anxiety of Elderly and Relatives: a POAH Experience , 15th Annual Congress of Gerontology. 2007.

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